Abstract
Improving wheat drought stress tolerance is a critical and challenging task, and more research is necessary since many parts of the world depend on this crop for food and feed. Our current work is focused on the influence of probiotic microorganisms in combination with calcium salts on the physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that wheat uses when exposed to drought stress and on the analysis of gene expression levels that contribute to wheat drought tolerance. The research was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions, simulating a prolonged drought. Seedlings were treated with different microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus paracasei, and some yeast) in 105 CFU/mL concentrations for seed priming and later in the same concentration for seedling spraying. A total of 70 g/m2 CaCO3 or 100 g/m2 CaCl2 was added to the soil before sowing the seeds. Almost all tested treatments improved plant growth and positively affected prolonged drought resistance in winter wheat. Bacillus subtilis, in combination with calcium salts, had the greatest effect on maintaining the relative leaf water content (RWC). The proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 tests proved the significant positive impact of the treatments on the plant’s response at the biochemical level, with growth parameters close to those of irrigated plants, for example, the ones treated with B. subtilis alone or with Ca salts had the lowest H2O2 content, 0.86–0.96 μmol g−1 FW, compared to 3.85 μmol g−1 FW for the Control, along with lower levels of drought-induced gene expression. All the presented results show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). This study showed that tested microorganisms in combination with calcium salts can activate plants’ defense reactions in response to drought. The practical significance of this study is that these ecological measures can be useful under field conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all tested treatments improved winter wheat growth under prolonged drought.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Almost all tested treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all tested treatments improved plant growth and positively affected prolonged drought resistance in winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all tested treatments improved winter wheat resistance to prolonged drought.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Almost all tested treatmentse0
- Outcome
- prolonged drought resistancee0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all tested treatments improved plant growth and positively affected prolonged drought resistance in winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis with calcium salts had the greatest effect on maintaining winter wheat relative leaf water content.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis, in combination with calcium saltse0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- relative leaf water contente0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus subtilis, in combination with calcium salts, had the greatest effect on maintaining the relative leaf water content (RWC).”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested treatments positively affected wheat proline and malondialdehyde responses to drought.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- proline, malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- positive impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 tests proved the significant positive impact of the treatments on the plant’s response at the biochemical level”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis alone or with calcium salts gave wheat the lowest H2O2 content, 0.86–0.96 μmol g−1 FW, versus 3.85 μmol g−1 FW in controls.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis alone or with Ca saltse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.86–0.96 μmol g−1 FWe0
- Qualifier
- 3.85 μmol g−1 FWe0
- Comparator
- the Controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ones treated with B. subtilis alone or with Ca salts had the lowest H2O2 content, 0.86–0.96 μmol g−1 FW, compared to 3.85 μmol g−1 FW for the Control”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis alone or with calcium salts lowered drought-induced gene expression in wheat.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis alone or with Ca saltse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- drought-induced gene expressione0
- Direction
- lower levelse0
- Comparator
- the Controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ones treated with B. subtilis alone or with Ca salts had the lowest H2O2 content, 0.86–0.96 μmol g−1 FW, compared to 3.85 μmol g−1 FW for the Control, along with lower levels of drought-induced gene expression.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested treatments produced wheat growth parameters close to those of irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- close toe0
- Comparator
- irrigated plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with growth parameters close to those of irrigated plants”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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