Abstract
Abstract Chromium (Cr) accumulation in crops reduces yield. Here, we grew two chickpea cultivars, Pusa 2085 (Cr-tolerant) and Pusa Green 112 (Cr-sensitive), in hydroponic and pot conditions under different Cr treatments: 0 and 120 µM Cr and 120 µM Cr + 100 mM glycine betaine (GB). For plants grown in the hydroponic media, we evaluated root morphological attributes and plasma membrane integrity via Evans blue uptake. We also estimated H + -ATPase activity in the roots and leaves of both cultivars. Plants in pots under conditions similar to those of the hydroponic setup were used to measure growth traits, oxidative stress, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, proline levels, and nutrient elements at the seedling stage. Traits such as Cr uptake in different plant parts after 42 days and grain yield after 140 days of growth were also evaluated. In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels. Further, Cr uptake was remarkably decreased in the roots and leaves of Cr-tolerant than in Cr-sensitive cultivars. Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H + -ATPase activity. An increment in these parameters shows that the exogenous application of GB improves the Cr stress tolerance in chickpea plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced plant growth traits in both chickpea cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growth traitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced chlorophyll contents in both chickpea cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced enzymatic activities in both chickpea cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced nutrient contents in both chickpea cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- nutrient contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced grain yield in both chickpea cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased oxidative stress and proline levels.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress and proline levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium uptake in roots and leaves was lower in tolerant than sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Cr-tolerante0
- Outcome
- Cr uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- Cr-sensitive cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr uptake was remarkably decreased in the roots and leaves of Cr-tolerant than in Cr-sensitive cultivars.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved root growth and morphophysiological traits.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of GBe0
- Outcome
- root growth and morpho-physiological attributese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H + -ATPase activity.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine reduced oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of GBe0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H + -ATPase activity.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine reduced plasma membrane integrity loss.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of GBe0
- Outcome
- loss in plasma membrane integritye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H + -ATPase activity.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine increased H + -ATPase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of GBe0
- Outcome
- H + -ATPase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H + -ATPase activity.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer GB improves chickpea chromium tolerance.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of GBe0
- Outcome
- Cr stress tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increment in these parameters shows that the exogenous application of GB improves the Cr stress tolerance in chickpea plants.”
The same questions in other papers
chromium atom · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →chromium atom · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
chromium atom · physiology: pigments · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
chromium atom · physiology: oxidative · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
glycine betaine · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
heavy metal · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heavy metal · physiology: enzyme activity · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
heavy metal · physiology: oxidative · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.