Abstract
Taurine (TAU) has recently been found to have an impactful role in regulating plant responses under abiotic stresses. This study presented the comparative effects of TAU seed priming and foliar spray application on chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium. Taurine priming and foliar applications (1.6 and 2.4 mM) notably modulated morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of plants under Cr(VI) stress. Plants subjected to 25 mg kg−1 soil Cr in the form of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) displayed a significant reduction in growth, chlorophyll, and uptake of essential nutrients (N, K, P, and Ca). Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability, ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant compounds, endogenous Cr levels, and aerial Cr translocation. Taurine abridged lipoxygenase activity to diminish lipid peroxidation owing to the overproduction of ROS initiated by a higher Cr content. The acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients were augmented by the TAU-related decrease in leaf and root Cr levels. Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared to foliar spray, TAU seed priming has demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating Cr phytotoxicity in plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) stress of 25 mg/kg soil significantly reduced chickpea growth, chlorophyll and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- 25 mg kg−1 soil Cr in the form of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)e1
- Outcome
- growth, chlorophyll, and uptake of essential nutrientse1
- Direction
- reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e1“Plants subjected to 25 mg kg−1 soil Cr in the form of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) displayed a significant reduction in growth, chlorophyll, and uptake of essential nutrients (N, K, P, and Ca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) toxicity increased osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation and relative membrane permeability in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) toxicitye2
- Outcome
- osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeabilitye2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) toxicity increased ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant compounds in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) toxicitye2
- Outcome
- ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant compoundse3
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability”
e3“ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) toxicity increased endogenous Cr levels and aerial Cr translocation in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) toxicitye2
- Outcome
- endogenous Cr levels, and aerial Cr translocatione4
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability”
e4“endogenous Cr levels, and aerial Cr translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine priming and foliar application notably modulated morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of chickpea under Cr(VI) stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Taurine priming and foliar applications (1.6 and 2.4 mM)e5
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological and biochemical responsese5
- Direction
- modulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e5“Taurine priming and foliar applications (1.6 and 2.4 mM) notably modulated morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of plants under Cr(VI) stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine reduced lipoxygenase activity in chickpea under Cr(VI) stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Taurinee6
- Gene
- lipoxygenasee6
- Outcome
- lipoxygenase activitye6
- Direction
- abridgede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e6“Taurine abridged lipoxygenase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine diminished lipid peroxidation in chickpea, owing to ROS overproduction from a higher Cr content.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Taurinee6
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione7
- Direction
- diminishe7
- Qualifier
- owing to the overproduction of ROS initiated by a higher Cr contente7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e6“Taurine abridged lipoxygenase activity”
e7“to diminish lipid peroxidation owing to the overproduction of ROS initiated by a higher Cr content”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine augmented the acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe1
- Outcome
- acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrientse1
- Direction
- augmentede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e1“The acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients were augmented by the TAU-related decrease in leaf and root Cr levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine decreased leaf and root Cr levels in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe1
- Outcome
- leaf and root Cr levelse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e1“The acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients were augmented by the TAU-related decrease in leaf and root Cr levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine enhanced chickpea growth under Cr(VI) stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine mitigated oxidative damage in chickpea under Cr(VI) stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe2
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee2
- Direction
- mitigatinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine reduced Cr content in the aerial parts of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe2
- Outcome
- Cr content in the aerial partse2
- Direction
- reducinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine reinforced antioxidant enzyme activities in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAUe2
- Gene
- antioxidant enzymese2
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese2
- Direction
- reinforcinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e2“Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine seed priming was more effective than foliar spray in mitigating Cr phytotoxicity in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- TAU seed priminge3
- Outcome
- efficacy in mitigating Cr phytotoxicitye3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Comparator
- foliar spraye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium”
e3“Compared to foliar spray, TAU seed priming has demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating Cr phytotoxicity in plants”
The same questions in other papers
chromium atom · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
chromium atom · physiology: pigments · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
chromium atom · physiology: oxidative · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.