Abstract
A combination of mineral nutrients and plant growth regulators should be assessed to improve crop performance under various abiotic stresses. There is a need to include plant growth regulators in fertilization regime of various crops along with essential mineral nutrients, especially when they are irrigated with polluted water with higher levels of heavy metals. The performance of pea was evaluated under cadmium (Cd) stress coupled with potassium (K) and jasmonic acid (JA) supplementation. The Cd stress (50 μM) was applied to soil (sandy loam) grown pea plants as basal dose after a month of sowing. The control and stressed plants were then supplemented with K (5 M), JA (0.5 mM) and their collective application along with control as distilled water. Cd stress showed a marked reduction in growth pattern, however, the collective supplementation sufficiently improved the growth pattern of stressed peas plants as evidenced by improvement in shoot length (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm2), plant fresh and dry weight (gm). Potassium application under Cd stress significantly enhanced internodal distance (cm) while the number of seeds per pod and relative water contents remained nonsignificant. The applied treatment (JA + K) under Cd stress prominently improved enzymatic activities, which were measured as nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrite reductase activity (NiRA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Cd stress impacted the biochemical profile by enhancing antioxidant capacity (AC), antioxidant activity (AA), total phenols (TP), while reducing total soluble protein (TSP), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoids. The combined application of JA and K under Cd stress enhanced AC, AA, TP, Chl a and b, TSP and carotenoids. The results indicate that foliar application of JA and K efficiently negated the harmful effects of Cd stress on peas.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced pea growth.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- growth patterne0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress showed a marked reduction in growth pattern”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined jasmonic acid and potassium improved stressed pea shoot length, root length, and leaves per plant.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- collective supplementatione0
- Outcome
- shoot length (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“collective supplementation sufficiently improved the growth pattern of stressed peas plants as evidenced by improvement in shoot length (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves per plant”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined supplementation improved stressed pea leaf area and fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- collective supplementatione0
- Outcome
- leaf area (cm2), plant fresh and dry weight (gm)e0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“collective supplementation sufficiently improved the growth pattern of stressed peas plants as evidenced by improvement in shoot length (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm2), plant fresh and dry weight (gm)”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium significantly increased internodal distance under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Potassium application under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- internodal distance (cm)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application under Cd stress significantly enhanced internodal distance (cm)”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium did not significantly change seeds per pod or relative water content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Potassium application under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per pod and relative water contentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application under Cd stress significantly enhanced internodal distance (cm) while the number of seeds per pod and relative water contents remained nonsignificant”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined JA and K improved nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- JA + Ke0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrite reductase activity (NiRA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The applied treatment (JA + K) under Cd stress prominently improved enzymatic activities, which were measured as nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrite reductase activity (NiRA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined JA and K improved peroxidase and catalase activities under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- JA + Ke0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The applied treatment (JA + K) under Cd stress prominently improved enzymatic activities, which were measured as nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrite reductase activity (NiRA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased antioxidant capacity, antioxidant activity, and total phenols.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacity (AC), antioxidant activity (AA), total phenols (TP)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress impacted the biochemical profile by enhancing antioxidant capacity (AC), antioxidant activity (AA), total phenols (TP)”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced total soluble protein, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- total soluble protein (TSP), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing total soluble protein (TSP), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoids”
e1“Cd stress impacted the biochemical profile”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced carotenoids.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing total soluble protein (TSP), chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoids”
e1“Cd stress impacted the biochemical profile”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined JA and K increased antioxidant capacity, antioxidant activity, and total phenols under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined application of JA and K under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- AC, AA, TPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of JA and K under Cd stress enhanced AC, AA, TP, Chl a and b, TSP and carotenoids”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined JA and K increased chlorophyll a and b, soluble protein, and carotenoids under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- peas (Pisum sativum L.)Lathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combined application of JA and K under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Chl a and b, TSP and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of JA and K under Cd stress enhanced AC, AA, TP, Chl a and b, TSP and carotenoids”
t0“peas (Pisum sativum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · physiology: osmolytes · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
cadmium atom · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results differ
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
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See all 30 papers →cadmium atom · quality: phytochemicals · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
cadmium atom · yield · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →jasmonic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →heavy metal · quality: phytochemicals · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
potassium · yield · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.