Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine effects of elevated temperature and doubled carbon dioxide (CO2) on pollination, reproductive growth, and yield of rice, soybean, peanut, and dry bean. Diurnal temperature treatments were 28/18, 32/32, 36/26, 40/30, and 44/34°C, at 350 or 700 µmol CO2 mol-1. Vegetative growth was tolerant of high temperature; however, reproductive growth failed at stressfully high temperatures. Above 25°C, rice grain yield and harvest index (HI) declined progressively, reaching zero at 36°C mean temperature, associated with decline in filled grain percentage attributed to failed pollination. Dry bean was more sensitive, with highest yield and seed size at 23°C, reaching zero at 32°C. Soybean and peanut were more tolerant than rice; their grain yield and HI declined as temperature exceeded 26°C, reaching zero at 40°C. Pollen viability of bean and peanut followed a temperature response similar to grain yield and was a major factor in yield decline, although seed size also decreased. Rice maintained grain-size with rising temperature whereas soybean, peanut, and bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures. While elevated CO2 increased grain yield, there were no beneficial interactions of CO2 with elevated temperature. Detrimental effects of elevated temperature on reproductive processes will be very important under future global change.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative growth tolerated high temperature across the crops.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth was tolerant of high temperature; however, reproductive growth failed at stressfully high temperatures.”
e1“rice, soybean, peanut, and dry bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive growth failed at stressfully high temperatures.
- Taxon
- rice, soybean, peanut, and dry beane1
- Treatment
- stressfully high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- reproductive growth failede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth was tolerant of high temperature; however, reproductive growth failed at stressfully high temperatures.”
e1“rice, soybean, peanut, and dry bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield and harvest index declined above 25°C and reached zero at 36°C mean temperature.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Above 25°Ce0
- Outcome
- grain yield and harvest index (HI)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- zero at 36°C mean temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Above 25°C, rice grain yield and harvest index (HI) declined progressively, reaching zero at 36°C mean temperature, associated with decline in filled grain percentage attributed to failed pollination.”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in rice filled grain percentage was associated with failed pollination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- pollinatione0
- Outcome
- filled grain percentagee0
- Direction
- declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Above 25°C, rice grain yield and harvest index (HI) declined progressively, reaching zero at 36°C mean temperature, associated with decline in filled grain percentage attributed to failed pollination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry bean yield was highest at 23°C and reached zero at 32°C.
Verbatim
e0“Dry bean was more sensitive, with highest yield and seed size at 23°C, reaching zero at 32°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry bean seed size was highest at 23°C.
Verbatim
e0“Dry bean was more sensitive, with highest yield and seed size at 23°C, reaching zero at 32°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield and harvest index declined above 26°C, reaching zero at 40°C.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- temperature exceeded 26°Ce0
- Outcome
- grain yield and HIe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- zero at 40°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean and peanut were more tolerant than rice; their grain yield and HI declined as temperature exceeded 26°C, reaching zero at 40°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
peanut grain yield and harvest index declined above 26°C, reaching zero at 40°C.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- temperature exceeded 26°Ce0
- Outcome
- grain yield and HIe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- zero at 40°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean and peanut were more tolerant than rice; their grain yield and HI declined as temperature exceeded 26°C, reaching zero at 40°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
bean pollen viability followed the temperature response of grain yield and contributed to yield decline.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Pollen viability of bean and peanut followed a temperature response similar to grain yield and was a major factor in yield decline, although seed size also decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
bean seed size decreased with temperature.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen viability of bean and peanut followed a temperature response similar to grain yield and was a major factor in yield decline, although seed size also decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
peanut pollen viability followed the temperature response of grain yield and contributed to yield decline.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- Pollene0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Pollen viabilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen viability of bean and peanut followed a temperature response similar to grain yield and was a major factor in yield decline, although seed size also decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
peanut seed size decreased with temperature.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- seed sizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen viability of bean and peanut followed a temperature response similar to grain yield and was a major factor in yield decline, although seed size also decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain size was maintained as temperature rose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rising temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain-sizee0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice maintained grain-size with rising temperature whereas soybean, peanut, and bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
soybean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- seed sizee0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice maintained grain-size with rising temperature whereas soybean, peanut, and bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
peanut seed size declined at elevated temperatures.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- seed sizee0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice maintained grain-size with rising temperature whereas soybean, peanut, and bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.
Verbatim
e0“Rice maintained grain-size with rising temperature whereas soybean, peanut, and bean seed size declined at elevated temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- rice, soybean, peanut, and dry beane1
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“While elevated CO2 increased grain yield, there were no beneficial interactions of CO2 with elevated temperature.”
e1“rice, soybean, peanut, and dry bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no beneficial interaction with elevated temperature.
- Taxon
- rice, soybean, peanut, and dry beane1
- Outcome
- beneficial interactions of CO2 with elevated temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“While elevated CO2 increased grain yield, there were no beneficial interactions of CO2 with elevated temperature.”
e1“rice, soybean, peanut, and dry bean”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.