Abstract
Recent studies link increased levels of ozone and carbon dioxide to plant performance and plant-herbivore interactions, but the interactive effects on plant-pollinator interactions and ecosystem services have rarely been studied. Here we experimentally tested whether elevated levels of these two gases alter plant growth, flower visitation, and yield in field bean crop (Vicia faba: Fabaceae or Leguminosae) using a full-factorial experimental set-up. Plants were exposed to (i) clean air (control), (ii) carbon dioxide-enriched (900 ppm), (iii) ozone-enriched (120 ppb) or (iv) carbon dioxide (900 ppm) + ozone (120 ppb) - enriched treatments. We examined how flower visitation by two widespread bee pollinators, Bombus terrestris and Osmia cornuta, and consequent yields responded to the treatments. Increased carbon dioxide levels enhanced flower visitation by B. terrestris and O. cornuta, while an increase in ozone led to a decline in visitation rates. The seed set of field beans generally increased with flower visitation rates of pollinators, revealing a pollination-mediated effect of the increased greenhouse gas concentrations on plant reproduction. In addition to the pollinator-mediated effect, we found an interactive effect of ozone and carbon dioxide on the seeds set in plants visited by B. terrestris: while increases in carbon dioxide enhanced seed set, increases in ozone generally decreased seed set - overruling the effect of increased carbon dioxide. Our results suggest that negative impacts of high ozone levels on flower visitation and fruit set counteract potential increases of legume crop yields with enhanced carbon dioxide concentrations under future climates.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide enhanced Bombus terrestris flower visitation.
- Taxon
- legume cropt0
- Treatment
- Increased carbon dioxide levelse0
- Interactor
- B. terrestris
Bombus terrestrise0pollinator - Outcome
- flower visitation by B. terrestrise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased carbon dioxide levels enhanced flower visitation by B. terrestris and O. cornuta”
t0“legume crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide enhanced Osmia cornuta flower visitation.
- Taxon
- field bean crope1
- Treatment
- Increased carbon dioxide levelse0
- Interactor
- O. cornuta
Osmia cornutae0pollinator - Outcome
- flower visitatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased carbon dioxide levels enhanced flower visitation by B. terrestris and O. cornuta”
e1“field bean crop (Vicia faba: Fabaceae or Leguminosae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased ozone decreased bee flower visitation rates.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“an increase in ozone led to a decline in visitation rates”
e1“field bean crop (Vicia faba: Fabaceae or Leguminosae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field bean seed set generally rose with pollinator flower visitation.
Verbatim
e0“The seed set of field beans generally increased with flower visitation rates of pollinators”
Claim · model-written summary
In plants visited by Bombus terrestris, increased carbon dioxide enhanced seed set.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“while increases in carbon dioxide enhanced seed set”
e1“field bean crop (Vicia faba: Fabaceae or Leguminosae)”
e2“plants visited by B. terrestris”
Claim · model-written summary
In plants visited by Bombus terrestris, increased ozone generally decreased seed set.
- Taxon
- field bean crope1
- Treatment
- increases in ozonee0
- Outcome
- seed sete0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- overruling the effect of increased carbon dioxidee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increases in ozone generally decreased seed set - overruling the effect of increased carbon dioxide”
e1“field bean crop (Vicia faba: Fabaceae or Leguminosae)”
e2“plants visited by B. terrestris”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that high ozone counteracts potential yield gains from enhanced carbon dioxide.
Verbatim
e0“negative impacts of high ozone levels on flower visitation and fruit set counteract potential increases of legume crop yields with enhanced carbon dioxide concentrations under future climates”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
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- positive
- negative
- no effect
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See all 10 papers →ozone · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.