Abstract
A wide range of root-associated mutualistic microorganisms have been successfully applied and documented in the past for growth promotion, biofertilization, biofortification and biotic and abiotic stress amelioration in major crops. These microorganisms include nitrogen fixers, nutrient mobilizers, bio-remediators and bio-control agents. The present study aimed to demonstrate the impact of salt-tolerant compatible microbial inoculants on plant growth; Zn biofortification and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in saline-sodic soil and insight of the mechanisms involved therein are being shared through this paper. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India. The population of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms changed dramatically upon inoculation of the test microbes in the wheat rhizosphere. The co-inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar in wheat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing as compared to the uninoculated control. Upon quantitative estimation of organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes, these were found to have increased significantly in co-inoculated plants under salt-stressed conditions. The application of microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level significantly in wheat plants grown in saline-sodic soil. A significant increase in the uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) was observed in wheat co-inoculated with the microbial inoculants, while a significant reduction in sodium (Na+) content was recorded in plants treated with both the bio-agents when compared with the respective uninoculated control plants. Results clearly indicated that significantly higher expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue. It was also observed that co-inoculation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5-folds) which ultimately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil. Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth. In general, the present investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using salt-tolerant rhizosphere microbes for plant growth promotion and provides insights into plant-microbe interactions to ameliorate salt stress and increase Zn bio-fortification in wheat.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation significantly increased proline and total soluble sugar accumulation in wheat compared with uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- co-inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501
Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont - Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont - Outcome
- accumulation of proline and total soluble sugare2
- Direction
- significant accumulatione2
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle2
- Setting
- Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, Indiae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“The co-inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar in wheat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing as compared to the uninoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes increased significantly in co-inoculated wheat under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculated plantse3
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- organic solutes and antioxidant enzymese3
- Direction
- increased significantlye3
- Qualifier
- under salt-stressed conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e3“Upon quantitative estimation of organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes, these were found to have increased significantly in co-inoculated plants under salt-stressed conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level of wheat significantly in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of microbial inoculantse4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- salt tolerance levele4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e4“The application of microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level significantly in wheat plants grown in saline-sodic soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation significantly increased potassium and calcium uptake and translocation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with the microbial inoculantse5
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+)e5
- Direction
- significant increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e5“A significant increase in the uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) was observed in wheat co-inoculated with the microbial inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium content was significantly reduced in wheat treated with both bio-agents compared with uninoculated control plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- plants treated with both the bio-agentse6
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- sodium (Na+) contente6
- Direction
- significant reductione6
- Comparator
- respective uninoculated control plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e6“a significant reduction in sodium (Na+) content was recorded in plants treated with both the bio-agents when compared with the respective uninoculated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 is significantly higher in wheat roots of inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- the rootse7
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Gene
- TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1e7
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- significantly highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e7“significantly higher expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 expression in roots enhances wheat salt tolerance by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Gene
- TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1e7
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee7
- Qualifier
- by maintaining the Na+/K+ balancee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e7“significantly higher expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased the expression of ZIP transporters in wheat by 2 to 3.5-fold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of the test inoculantse2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Gene
- ZIP transporterse2
- Outcome
- expression of ZIP transporterse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 2–3.5-foldse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“co-inoculation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5-folds) which ultimately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased Zn biofortification in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of the test inoculantse2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- biofortification of Zne2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“co-inoculation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5-folds) which ultimately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 improved total grain yield of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16e2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- total grain yielde2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation reduced seedling mortality of wheat in the early stages of crop growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16e2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- seedling mortalitye2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Qualifier
- in the early stages of crop growthe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased plant growth of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16e2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of the test microbes changed the population of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms in wheat dramatically.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inoculation of the test microbese2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- population of rhizosphere-associated microorganismse2
- Direction
- changed dramaticallye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India”
e2“The population of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms changed dramatically upon inoculation of the test microbes in the wheat rhizosphere”
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