Abstract
Combined stress effects are unique when compared to individual stress applications. As the subject has not been previously examined, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium (Ca) as signaling molecules under combined drought and salt stresses on two different carbon-fixative turfgrasses, Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass; C3) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass; C4). Twenty-one days after germination, PEG6000 (5%) and NaCl (150 mM) were applied simultaneously as a combined drought and salinity (DS) treatment. Before starting the treatment, half of the seedlings were treated with SA (0.5 mM) solution for 24 h; Ca (5 mM) was also applied simultaneously to the SA-treated groups. Combined drought and salt stresses caused substantial decreases in leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potential in both cultivars, whereas lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage increased. However, the deleterious effect of the combined stress was much more pronounced in Bermuda grass. On the other hand, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in perennial ryegrass and only GR in Bermuda grass were reduced by DS. Moreover, Na accumulation was greater in perennial ryegrass (33.9-fold) than in Bermuda grass (11.1-fold). Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass, with enhanced growth as well as increased proline, K, Mg, and Ca contents, and retained RWC. However, the SA+Ca treatment for the perennial ryegrass under DS significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense activities of SOD, POX, APX, and GR as well as increasing the TBARS and H2O2 content, compared with plants subjected to DS alone. Taken together, these results indicated that simultaneous application of SA+Ca could play a positive regulatory role, which in turn could improve the double-stress tolerance of turfgrasses.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and salt stress decreased leaf growth parameters, relative water content and osmotic potential in perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee2 - Treatment
- Combined drought and salt stressese1
- Outcome
- leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potentiale1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined drought and salt stresses caused substantial decreases in leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potential in both cultivars, whereas lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage increased”
e2“Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass; C3) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass; C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and salt stress decreased leaf growth parameters, relative water content and osmotic potential in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grass
Cynodon dactylone2 - Treatment
- Combined drought and salt stressese1
- Outcome
- leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potentiale1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined drought and salt stresses caused substantial decreases in leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potential in both cultivars, whereas lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage increased”
e2“Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass; C3) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass; C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and salt stress increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage in perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Treatment
- Combined drought and salt stressese1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined drought and salt stresses caused substantial decreases in leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potential in both cultivars, whereas lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage increased”
e2“Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass; C3) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass; C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and salt stress increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone2
- Treatment
- Combined drought and salt stressese1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined drought and salt stresses caused substantial decreases in leaf growth parameters, relative water content, and osmotic potential in both cultivars, whereas lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage increased”
e2“Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass; C3) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass; C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
The deleterious effect of combined stress was more pronounced in Bermuda grass than in the other grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone3
- Treatment
- combined stresse3
- Outcome
- deleterious effecte3
- Direction
- more pronouncede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the deleterious effect of the combined stress was much more pronounced in Bermuda grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced SOD, POX and APX activities in perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee4
- Treatment
- DSe4
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in perennial ryegrass and only GR in Bermuda grass were reduced by DS”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced glutathione reductase activity in perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee4
- Treatment
- DSe4
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in perennial ryegrass and only GR in Bermuda grass were reduced by DS”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced glutathione reductase activity in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone4
- Treatment
- DSe4
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in perennial ryegrass and only GR in Bermuda grass were reduced by DS”
Claim · model-written summary
Na accumulation was greater in perennial ryegrass (33.9-fold) than in Bermuda grass (11.1-fold).
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee5
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Value
- 33.9-folde5
- Qualifier
- 11.1-folde5
- Comparator
- Bermuda grasse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Na accumulation was greater in perennial ryegrass (33.9-fold) than in Bermuda grass (11.1-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous SA+Ca was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than of perennial ryegrass under stress.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone6
- Treatment
- simultaneous SA+Ca applicatione6
- Outcome
- recovery potentiale6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- perennial ryegrasse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, SA+Ca enhanced growth of Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone6
- Treatment
- simultaneous SA+Ca applicatione6
- Outcome
- growthe7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass”
e7“with enhanced growth as well as increased proline, K, Mg, and Ca contents, and retained RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, SA+Ca increased proline, K and Mg contents in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone6
- Treatment
- simultaneous SA+Ca applicatione6
- Outcome
- proline, K, Mge7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass”
e7“with enhanced growth as well as increased proline, K, Mg, and Ca contents, and retained RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, SA+Ca increased Ca content in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone6
- Treatment
- simultaneous SA+Ca applicatione6
- Outcome
- Ca contentse7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass”
e7“with enhanced growth as well as increased proline, K, Mg, and Ca contents, and retained RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, SA+Ca retained relative water content in Bermuda grass.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone6
- Treatment
- simultaneous SA+Ca applicatione6
- Outcome
- RWCe7
- Direction
- retainede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Under stress, simultaneous SA+Ca application was more effective on the recovery potential of Bermuda grass than on that of perennial ryegrass”
e7“with enhanced growth as well as increased proline, K, Mg, and Ca contents, and retained RWC”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+Ca under DS significantly enhanced SOD, POX and APX antioxidant activities in perennial ryegrass compared with DS alone.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- SA+Ca treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense activities of SOD, POX, APXe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- plants subjected to DS alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA+Ca treatment for the perennial ryegrass under DS significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense activities of SOD, POX, APX, and GR as well as increasing the TBARS and H2O2 content, compared with plants subjected to DS alone”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+Ca under DS significantly enhanced glutathione reductase activity in perennial ryegrass compared with DS alone.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- SA+Ca treatmente0
- Gene
- GRe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- plants subjected to DS alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA+Ca treatment for the perennial ryegrass under DS significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense activities of SOD, POX, APX, and GR as well as increasing the TBARS and H2O2 content, compared with plants subjected to DS alone”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+Ca under DS increased TBARS and H2O2 content in perennial ryegrass compared with DS alone.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- SA+Ca treatmente0
- Outcome
- TBARS and H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- plants subjected to DS alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA+Ca treatment for the perennial ryegrass under DS significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense activities of SOD, POX, APX, and GR as well as increasing the TBARS and H2O2 content, compared with plants subjected to DS alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous SA+Ca could play a positive regulatory role and improve double-stress tolerance of turfgrasses.
Verbatim
e1“simultaneous application of SA+Ca could play a positive regulatory role, which in turn could improve the double-stress tolerance of turfgrasses”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · physiology: oxidative · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · disease · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
drought · physiology: water · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →drought · physiology: oxidative · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →drought · physiology: oxidative · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →drought · physiology: water · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.