Abstract
Plant adaptation to salt stress may be associated with morphological, physiological, and gene expression alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salt stress on morphological and antioxidant enzyme changes and its gene expressions in bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ). Salt-tolerant ‘C43’ and salt-sensitive ‘C198’, previously determined in our preliminary study, were subjected to four salinity levels: 0 m m (control), 100 m m (low), 200 m m (moderate), and 400 m m (high) NaCl for 21 days. Salt stress decreased turf quality and canopy height, especially in ‘C198’. Salt stress increased root length, root number, root fresh weight, and root/shoot length ratio, to a greater extent in salt-tolerant genotype. Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in bermudagrass, to a great extent in shoot and root of ‘C198’. Moderate (200 m m ) and high (400 m m ) salt concentration increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content in old leaves of ‘C198’. ‘C43’ exhibited a greater activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR) than ‘C198’ in old leaves subjected to 200 and 400 m m NaCl. Antioxidant gene expressions were upregulated in new leaves and downregulated in old leaves with increasing salinity levels for both genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes exhibited a relatively greater antioxidant gene expression than salt-sensitive ones when exposed to the same level of salt stress. These results suggested that SOD, CAT, APX, and DHAR might be involved in scavenging salt stress-induced reactive oxygen species in bermudagrass at the level of gene expression. Salt tolerance might be attributed to the development and maintenance of a more extensive root system under saline conditions and induced antioxidant gene expressions, leading to more efficient enzyme stimulation and protection in bermudagrass.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed turf quality and canopy height.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Material
- ‘C198’e0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- turf quality and canopy heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt stress decreased turf quality and canopy height, especially in ‘C198’”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed root length, root number, root fresh weight, and root/shoot length ratio.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root length, root number, root fresh weight, and root/shoot length ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt stress increased root length, root number, root fresh weight, and root/shoot length ratio, to a greater extent in salt-tolerant genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed Na +.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed K + content.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- K + contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed Na + /K + ratio.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na + /K + ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and high salt increased malondialdehyde in old leaves of C198.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- ‘C198’e0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- Moderate (200 m m ) and high (400 m m ) salt concentratione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Moderate (200 m m ) and high (400 m m ) salt concentration increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content in old leaves of ‘C198’”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and high salt increased hydrogen peroxide content in old leaves of C198.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- ‘C198’e0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- Moderate (200 m m ) and high (400 m m ) salt concentratione0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Moderate (200 m m ) and high (400 m m ) salt concentration increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content in old leaves of ‘C198’”
Claim · model-written summary
C43 had greater SOD, CAT, APX and DHAR activity than C198 under 200 and 400 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- ‘C43’e0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ‘C198’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“‘C43’ exhibited a greater activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR) than ‘C198’ in old leaves subjected to 200 and 400 m m NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant gene expression was upregulated in new leaves with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Organ / stage
- new leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant gene expressionse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Antioxidant gene expressions were upregulated in new leaves and downregulated in old leaves with increasing salinity levels for both genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant gene expression was downregulated in old leaves with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant gene expressionse0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Antioxidant gene expressions were upregulated in new leaves and downregulated in old leaves with increasing salinity levels for both genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-tolerant genotypes had greater antioxidant gene expression than salt-sensitive genotypes at the same salt stress.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Salt-tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- antioxidant gene expressione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- salt-sensitive onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“Salt-tolerant genotypes exhibited a relatively greater antioxidant gene expression than salt-sensitive ones when exposed to the same level of salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest SOD, CAT, APX and DHAR may scavenge salt-induced reactive oxygen species.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Gene
- SOD, CAT, APX, and DHARe0
- Outcome
- scavenging salt stress-induced reactive oxygen speciese0
- Qualifier
- might be involvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bermudagrass”
e0“SOD, CAT, APX, and DHAR might be involved in scavenging salt stress-induced reactive oxygen species in bermudagrass at the level of gene expression”
The same questions in other papers
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10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.