Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting the productivity of bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ). However, the role of hormonal reprogramming and crosstalk in regulating root growth and salt tolerance in bermudagrass was not reported. Here, we examined the physiological and hormonal responses of two contrasting bermudagrass genotypes; ‘C43,’ salt-tolerant ‘C198’ salt-sensitive. Under salt stress, ‘C43’ had better membrane stability and higher photosynthetic activity than the ‘C198.’ Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity. The two bermudagrass genotypes also showed critical differences in hormonal responses, especially in the roots. The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress. The root growth rate was positively correlated with the root IAA, tZR and DHZR, indicating their crucial role in root growth under salt stress. The expressions of TAA / YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in ‘C43,’ but inhibited in ‘C198,’ leading to reduced hormone accumulations. Salt stress decreased the iP, tZ, and DHZ content in the roots of both genotypes, and no significant difference was observed between the two genotypes. Salt stress reduced the content of GA 3 in both genotypes by inhibiting GA20ox and GA2ox genes, which could be attributed to the reduced shoot growth in both genotypes. The increased ABA level by salt stress was significantly higher in ‘C198’ than ‘C43.’ Furthermore, there were positive and negative correlations between different hormones and root growth, suggesting that root growth could be regulated by complex hormonal reprogramming and crosstalk. This study provides a foundation for understanding the underlying mechanisms of hormonal-mediated root growth and salt tolerance in bermudagrass.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress C43 had better membrane stability than C198.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- C198e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress, ‘C43’ had better membrane stability and higher photosynthetic activity than the ‘C198.’”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress C43 had higher photosynthetic activity than C198.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- C198e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress, ‘C43’ had better membrane stability and higher photosynthetic activity than the ‘C198.’”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress promoted C43 root growth.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress improved C43 root/shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress improved C43 root activity.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited C198 root growth.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress diminished C198 root activity.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in ‘C43,’ but the root growth of ‘C198’ was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C43’ root indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C43’ root trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) increased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C43’ root dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) increased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C198’ root indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) decreased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C198’ root trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) decreased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C198’ root dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) decreased under salt.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans- zeatin riboside ( t ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in ‘C43,’ but decreased in ‘C198’ when exposed to salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth rate correlated positively with root IAA, tZR and DHZR.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Compound
- IAA, tZR and DHZRe0
- Outcome
- root growth ratee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root growth rate was positively correlated with the root IAA, tZR and DHZR, indicating their crucial role in root growth under salt stress”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
TAA / YUCCA expression was induced by salt stress in ‘C43’.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- TAA / YUCCAe0
- Outcome
- expressionse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expressions of TAA / YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in ‘C43,’ but inhibited in ‘C198,’ leading to reduced hormone accumulations”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP735A expression was induced by salt stress in ‘C43’.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C43e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- CYP735Ae0
- Outcome
- expressionse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expressions of TAA / YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in ‘C43,’ but inhibited in ‘C198,’ leading to reduced hormone accumulations”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
TAA / YUCCA expression was inhibited by salt stress in ‘C198’.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- TAA / YUCCAe0
- Outcome
- expressionse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expressions of TAA / YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in ‘C43,’ but inhibited in ‘C198,’ leading to reduced hormone accumulations”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP735A expression was inhibited by salt stress in ‘C198’.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- C198e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- CYP735Ae0
- Outcome
- expressionse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expressions of TAA / YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in ‘C43,’ but inhibited in ‘C198,’ leading to reduced hormone accumulations”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased root iP in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- iPe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both genotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the iP, tZ, and DHZ content in the roots of both genotypes, and no significant difference was observed between the two genotypes”
t0“bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased root tZ in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- tZe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both genotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the iP, tZ, and DHZ content in the roots of both genotypes, and no significant difference was observed between the two genotypes”
t0“bermudagrass”
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