Abstract
The accumulation of different types of metabolites may reflect variations in plant adaptation to different severities or durations of drought stress. The objectives of this project are to examine changes in metabolomic profiles and determine predominant metabolites in response to short-term (6 days) and long-term (18 days) drought stress with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis in a C 4 perennial grass species. Plants of hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis cv. Tifdwarf) were unirrigated for 18 days to induce drought stress in growth chambers. Physiological responses to drought stress were evaluated by visual rating of grass quality, relative water content, photochemical efficiency, and electrolyte leakage (EL). All parameters decreased significantly at 6 and 18 days of drought stress, except EL, which increased with the duration of drought stress. Under short-term drought stress (6 days), the content did not change significantly for most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannose. Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose), one nitrogen compound (ethanolamine), and two-sugar alcohol (myo-inositol). The accumulation of those metabolites, especially malic acid, proline, and sucrose, could be associated with drought adaptation of C 4 hybrid bermudagrass to long-term or severe drought stress.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Grass quality, relative water content and photochemical efficiency decreased at six and eighteen days of drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylone0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- grass quality, relative water content, photochemical efficiencye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- 6 and 18 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis cv. Tifdwarf) were unirrigated for 18 days to induce drought stress in growth chambers”
e1“Physiological responses to drought stress were evaluated by visual rating of grass quality, relative water content, photochemical efficiency, and electrolyte leakage (EL). All parameters decreased significantly at 6 and 18 days of drought stress, except EL, which increased with the duration of drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage increased with drought duration.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- ELe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“EL, which increased with the duration of drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
At six days of drought, content of most metabolites did not change significantly.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- short-term drought stress (6 days)e1
- Outcome
- contente1
- Direction
- did not changee1
- Qualifier
- most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannosee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Under short-term drought stress (6 days), the content did not change significantly for most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannose”
Claim · model-written summary
Methionine, serine and GABA content were exceptions to the unchanged short-term drought response.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- short-term drought stress (6 days)e1
- Outcome
- methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Under short-term drought stress (6 days), the content did not change significantly for most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannose”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoleucine and mannose content were exceptions to the unchanged short-term drought response.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- short-term drought stress (6 days)e1
- Outcome
- isoleucine, and mannosee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Under short-term drought stress (6 days), the content did not change significantly for most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannose”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic, galacturonic and succinic acid accumulated more after long-term drought than under well-watered conditions.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acide1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline, asparagine and phenylalanine accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- proline, asparagine, phenylalaninee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methionine, serine and 5-hydroxynorvaline accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvalinee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA, glycine and theorine accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- GABA, glycine, theorinee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine)”
Claim · model-written summary
Valine accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- valinee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose, glucose and galactose accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- sucrose, glucose, galactosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose, mannose and maltose accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- fructose, mannose, maltosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Xylose accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- xylosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolamine and myo-inositol accumulated more after long-term drought.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- long-term drought stresse1
- Outcome
- ethanolaminee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- myo-inositole1
- Comparator
- well-watered conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of hybrid bermudagrass”
e1“Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose), one nitrogen compound (ethanolamine), and two-sugar alcohol (myo-inositol)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that accumulation of malic acid, proline and sucrose may be associated with drought adaptation.
- Taxon
- hybrid bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Compound
- malic acid, proline, and sucrosee0
- Outcome
- drought adaptatione0
- Qualifier
- could be associatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of those metabolites, especially malic acid, proline, and sucrose, could be associated with drought adaptation of C 4 hybrid bermudagrass to long-term or severe drought stress”
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1 paper more in this group
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.