Abstract
Salinity is one of the major issues that limits field crop productivity in an arid and semiarid environment. Therefore, two field trials were carried out over two seasons of 2018 and 2019 to investigate the enhancement of different methods of potassium application (i.e., recommended soil amendment (control; K2O), seed soaking (SS) and foliar spray (FS) in the form of potassium sulfate (K2SO4, 6 mM)) on antioxidant protection, physio-biochemical, yield and quality traits of soybean (cv. Giza 22) grown in normal (electrical conductivity; EC = 2.68 dS m−1) and saline soil (EC = 7.46 dS m−1). Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil. In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil. However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits, while potassium application did not affect the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants. For instance, foliar potassium application (FS) increased seed yield ha−1 by 92.31% and protein content by 63.19% compared with the control under the salt stress condition. In addition, both applications of potassium significantly reduced Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and MDA contents in soybean plants compared with those obtained from control treatments. Exogenous application of K2SO4 was more effective than SS at improving soybean physio-biochemical attributes, yield and seed quality traits under soil-salinity stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased total chlorophyll and carotenoids in soybean compared with normal soil.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased K+ content and K+/Na+ ratios in soybean compared with normal soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- K+ and K+/Na+ ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased performance index and CAT activity in soybean compared with normal soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- performance index and catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased shoot length, leaf number and area, and shoot dry weight of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased pod number, 100-seed weight and seed yield of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil decreased seed protein and oil contents of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- saline soile0
- Outcome
- seed protein and oil contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physio-biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, K+ and K+/Na+ ratios, performance index and catalase (CAT) activity), growth traits (i.e., shoot length, number and area of leaves plant−1 and shoot dry weight), yield and its components and seed quality (number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, seed yield ha−1 and seed protein and oil contents) were significantly decreased when soybean plants were grown in saline soil compared with those grown in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil increased superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase activity in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- saline soile1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil increased total soluble sugars and free proline in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- saline soile1
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars, free prolinee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil increased ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- saline soile1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid and α-tocopherole1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil increased Na+, Cl− and H2O2 in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- saline soile1
- Outcome
- Na+, Cl−, H2O2e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline soil increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- saline soile1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants (i.e., total soluble sugars, free proline, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in soybean plants grown in saline soil compared with normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium under salt stress enhanced soybean growth and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- potassium applied through SS or FSe2
- Outcome
- soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiencye2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- salt-stressed conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium under salt stress enhanced K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- potassium applied through SS or FSe2
- Outcome
- K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+e2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- salt-stressed conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium under salt stress enhanced activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX in soybean; four enzymes grouped to fit the claim budget.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- potassium applied through SS or FSe2
- Outcome
- activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPXe2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- salt-stressed conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium under salt stress improved soybean yield and quality traits.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- potassium applied through SS or FSe2
- Outcome
- yield and quality traitse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- salt-stressed conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium application did not affect non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants in salt-stressed soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- potassium applicatione3
- Outcome
- contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectantse3
- Direction
- did not affecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, under salt-stressed conditions, potassium applied through SS or FS significantly enhanced all soybean growth, photosynthetic efficiency, K+ content, ratio of K+/Na+ and activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GPX as well as improved yield and quality traits”
e3“while potassium application did not affect the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmoprotectants”
Claim · model-written summary
Both potassium applications reduced Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and MDA contents in salt-stressed soybean; four variables grouped to fit the claim budget.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- both applications of potassiume4
- Outcome
- Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and MDA contentse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- control treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In addition, both applications of potassium significantly reduced Na+, Cl−, H2O2 and MDA contents in soybean plants compared with those obtained from control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar potassium application increased soybean seed yield by 92.31% under salt stress compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar potassium application (FS)e5
- Outcome
- seed yield ha−1e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 92.31%e5
- Qualifier
- under the salt stress conditione5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L.”
e5“foliar potassium application (FS) increased seed yield ha−1 by 92.31% and protein content by 63.19% compared with the control under the salt stress condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar potassium application increased soybean protein content by 63.19% under salt stress compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar potassium application (FS)e5
- Outcome
- protein contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 63.19%e5
- Qualifier
- under the salt stress conditione5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L.”
e5“foliar potassium application (FS) increased seed yield ha−1 by 92.31% and protein content by 63.19% compared with the control under the salt stress condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous K2SO4 was more effective than seed soaking at improving soybean physio-biochemical attributes, yield and seed quality under salinity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of K2SO4e6
- Outcome
- physio-biochemical attributes, yield and seed quality traitse6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Qualifier
- under soil-salinity stresse6
- Comparator
- SSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Exogenous application of K2SO4 was more effective than SS at improving soybean physio-biochemical attributes, yield and seed quality traits under soil-salinity stress”
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See all 9 papers →8 of 20 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.