Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the benefit to soybean in terms of phosphate solubilization and host plant growth under salt stress of the endophytic fungi Fusarium verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01. Endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01, as confirmed by increasing activities of acid phosphatase (1.0 U −1 g fwt), alkaline phosphatase (2.1 U −1 g fwt ) and fungal biomass (4.6 g), with a concurrent decrease in tri-calcium phosphate concentration in the culture medium. In a plant growth evaluation study, 0.1 M NaCl was added to pots containing soybean plants pre-treated with fungi. The salt-affected plants exhibited stunted growth due to a lower concentration of protein and higher level of lipid peroxidation than their controls. F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants. Moreover, carotenoids, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were lower in plants affected by salinity than in non-stressed plants, whereas Humicola sp. KNU01 fungal association significantly mitigated oxidative stress by enhancing carotenoids (24.1 %) and SOD activity (61.2 %). F. verticillioides RK01 also triggered SOD activity to prevent oxidative damage. In addition, salt stress caused an increase of absicsic acid (ABA) in soybean plants, and F. verticillioides RK01 colonization effectively reduced ABA content in stressed plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is another plant hormone that was present in lower amounts in stressed plants, but the endophytic ( F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01) fungal association increased SA content in salt-affected plants. The results of the present study indicate that the efficient phosphate solubilizing endophytic fungi F. verticillioides RK01 was more favorable to protect soybean plants against oxidative damage than Humicola sp. KNU01.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01, with a concurrent decrease in tri-calcium phosphate concentration in the culture medium.
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01
Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont - Second interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- decrease in tri-calcium phosphate concentration in the culture mediume1
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01”
e1“with a concurrent decrease in tri-calcium phosphate concentration in the culture medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid phosphatase activity associated with phosphate solubilization by F. verticillioides RK01 was 1.0 U g fwt.
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese1symbiont
- Outcome
- acid phosphatasee0
- Value
- 1.0 U −1 g fwte0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acid phosphatase (1.0 U −1 g fwt)”
e1“Endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline phosphatase activity associated with phosphate solubilization by F. verticillioides RK01 was 2.1 U g fwt.
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese1symbiont
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Value
- 2.1 U −1 g fwte0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase (2.1 U −1 g fwt )”
e1“Endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal biomass of F. verticillioides RK01 in the phosphate solubilization assay was 4.6 g.
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese1symbiont
- Outcome
- fungal biomasse0
- Value
- 4.6 ge0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal biomass (4.6 g)”
e1“Endophyte F. verticillioides RK01 increased phosphate solubilization significantly more than Humicola sp. KNU01”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-affected soybean plants had a lower concentration of protein than their controls.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe7 - Treatment
- salt-affectede0
- Outcome
- concentration of proteine0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salt-affected plants exhibited stunted growth due to a lower concentration of protein and higher level of lipid peroxidation than their controls”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-affected soybean plants had a higher level of lipid peroxidation than their controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- salt-affectede0
- Outcome
- level of lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salt-affected plants exhibited stunted growth due to a lower concentration of protein and higher level of lipid peroxidation than their controls”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides RK01 significantly increased shoot length of salt-stressed soybean by 7.3%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.3 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humicola sp. KNU01 significantly increased shoot length of salt-stressed soybean by 2.5%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- Humicola sp. KNU01e0
- Interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides RK01 significantly increased protein content of salt-stressed soybean by 59.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humicola sp. KNU01 significantly increased protein content of salt-stressed soybean by 65.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- Humicola sp. KNU01e0
- Interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fungal isolates inhibited the lipid peroxidation level in salt-stressed soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation levele0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 isolates significantly increased shoot length (7.3 % and 2.5 %) and protein content (59.1 % and 65.1 %), while inhibiting the lipid peroxidation level in salt stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoids and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were lower in salinity-affected soybean plants than in non-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- carotenoids, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalasee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carotenoids, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were lower in plants affected by salinity than in non-stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humicola sp. KNU01 association enhanced carotenoids by 24.1% in salt-stressed soybean, mitigating oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- Humicola sp. KNU01 fungal associatione0
- Interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 24.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Humicola sp. KNU01 fungal association significantly mitigated oxidative stress by enhancing carotenoids (24.1 %) and SOD activity (61.2 %)”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Humicola sp. KNU01 association enhanced SOD activity by 61.2% in salt-stressed soybean, mitigating oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- Humicola sp. KNU01 fungal associatione0
- Interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 61.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Humicola sp. KNU01 fungal association significantly mitigated oxidative stress by enhancing carotenoids (24.1 %) and SOD activity (61.2 %)”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides RK01 also triggered SOD activity to prevent oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- triggerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 also triggered SOD activity to prevent oxidative damage”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased abscisic acid (ABA) in soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- absicsic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress caused an increase of absicsic acid (ABA) in soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides RK01 colonization effectively reduced ABA content in stressed soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01 colonizatione0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 colonization effectively reduced ABA content in stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid (SA) was present in lower amounts in stressed soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Outcome
- Salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid (SA) is another plant hormone that was present in lower amounts in stressed plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Association with both endophytic fungi increased SA content in salt-affected soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- SA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the endophytic ( F. verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01) fungal association increased SA content in salt-affected plants”
e7“containing soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
F. verticillioides RK01 was more favorable than Humicola sp. KNU01 for protecting soybean plants against oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- F. verticillioides RK01e0
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides RK01Fusarium verticillioidese0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Humicola sp. KNU01Humicola sp. KNU01e0symbiont
- Outcome
- protect soybean plants against oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- more favorablee0
- Comparator
- Humicola sp. KNU01e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. verticillioides RK01 was more favorable to protect soybean plants against oxidative damage than Humicola sp. KNU01”
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