Abstract
Heavy metal like cadmium (Cd) is inessential and highly toxic and is posing serious environmental problems for agriculture worldwide. Presence of Cd gives rise to several physiological and structural disorders that leads to reduction in growth and performance of agricultural plants. Evidence related to subcellular distribution and accumulation of Cd is still enigmatic. Experiment was conducted using hydroponic culture to examine the subcellular accumulation of Cd in Spinacia oleracea L. leaves under Cd stress (50 μM and 100 μM); moreover, the Cd toxicity alleviation using 5 mM silicon (Si) was investigated. Our findings suggest that fresh and dry biomass, shoot and root length, leaf area and length of leaf declined when exposed to Cd stress (50 μM and 100 μM); however, an increase was noticed when Cd treated plants were supplied with Si (5 mM). The content of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ in apoplastic washing fluid and symplasm were found to be lower in plants treated with alone Cd, when compared to control. Higher Cd2+:Ca2+, Cd2+:Fe2+ and Cd2+:Mg2+ ratios were detected under cadmium stress in both apoplast and symplast of leaves which were lowered by the addition of 5 mM Si. The novelty of the current study is the detection of increased apoplastic and symplastic Cd concentration in aerial part (i.e., spinach leaves) under alone Cd treatment which was considerably reduced when supplied with Si. Moreover, a noticeable increase in spinach growth and beneficial ionic concentrations suggest that Si can ameliorate the Cd stress in crop plants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced spinach biomass and growth traits.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Cd stress (50 μM and 100 μM)e0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry biomass, shoot and root length, leaf area and length of leafe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh and dry biomass, shoot and root length, leaf area and length of leaf declined when exposed to Cd stress (50 μM and 100 μM)”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased growth traits in cadmium-treated spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Si (5 mM)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Cd treated plantse0
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase was noticed when Cd treated plants were supplied with Si (5 mM)”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium alone lowered calcium, magnesium and iron in spinach leaf apoplast and symplasm relative to control.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- alone Cde0
- Outcome
- The content of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ in apoplastic washing fluid and symplasme0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ in apoplastic washing fluid and symplasm were found to be lower in plants treated with alone Cd, when compared to control.”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress raised cadmium-to-calcium, cadmium-to-iron and cadmium-to-magnesium ratios in spinach leaves.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd2+:Ca2+, Cd2+:Fe2+ and Cd2+:Mg2+ ratiose0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher Cd2+:Ca2+, Cd2+:Fe2+ and Cd2+:Mg2+ ratios were detected under cadmium stress in both apoplast and symplast of leaves”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon lowered cadmium-to-beneficial-ion ratios in spinach leaves under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- addition of 5 mM Sie0
- Outcome
- Cd2+:Ca2+, Cd2+:Fe2+ and Cd2+:Mg2+ ratiose0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- cadmium stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher Cd2+:Ca2+, Cd2+:Fe2+ and Cd2+:Mg2+ ratios were detected under cadmium stress in both apoplast and symplast of leaves which were lowered by the addition of 5 mM Si.”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium alone increased apoplastic and symplastic leaf cadmium concentration in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- alone Cd treatmente0
- Outcome
- apoplastic and symplastic Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased apoplastic and symplastic Cd concentration in aerial part (i.e., spinach leaves) under alone Cd treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced leaf cadmium concentration in cadmium-treated spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- apoplastic and symplastic Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- alone Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased apoplastic and symplastic Cd concentration in aerial part (i.e., spinach leaves) under alone Cd treatment which was considerably reduced when supplied with Si.”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.