Abstract
BACKGROUND: Consumption of leafy vegetables is a primary route of cadmium (Cd) exposure in the human body. Salicylic acid (SA) is a major stress signaling molecule that alleviates Cd toxicity in various plants. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of different SA concentrations on spinach growth, cadmium accumulation, and stress resistance physiology under cadmium stress (50 µmol/L). RESULTS: Cd stress significantly markedly decreased spinach growth and biomass, reduced its photosynthetic efficiency, increased activities of antioxidative enzymes, and upregulated the relative expression of several genes involved in cadmium absorption and transport compared to the control. The exogenous application of SA mitigated the harmful effects of Cd in spinach. 0.8 and 1.6 mmol/L SA significantly increased spinach root length, plant height, and biomass and decreased the Cd content in shoots by 30.03 and 17.35% compared to the Cd-treated group. Moreover, SA alleviated the yellowing of leaves caused by Cd stress. Exogenous SA ameliorated Cd toxicity in spinach by reducing reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble protein levels. Exogenous SA application reduced Cd absorption in spinach leaves by downregulating the expression of genes involved in Cd transport, such as SoHMA4-like, SoNramp3.1-like, SoNramp6-like, and SoNramp7.2-like. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis showed that exogenous SA application under Cd stress was correlated with plant Cd content, photosynthetic pigment content, and relative expression of Cd absorption and transportation-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: To summarize, these findings indicate that SA mitigates Cd toxicity in spinach by reversing the adverse effects of Cd stress on plant growth and reducing Cd accumulation in the shoots.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased spinach growth, biomass and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- spinach growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly markedly decreased spinach growth and biomass, reduced its photosynthetic efficiency”
e1“control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidative enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased activities of antioxidative enzymes”
t0“spinach”
e1“RESULTS: Cd stress”
e2“control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress upregulated genes involved in cadmium absorption and transport.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- relative expression of several genes involved in cadmium absorption and transporte0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated the relative expression of several genes involved in cadmium absorption and transport compared to the control.”
t0“spinach”
e1“RESULTS: Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
0.8 mmol/L salicylic acid increased spinach root length, height and biomass under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.8e0
- Outcome
- root length, plant height, and biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Cd-treated groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.8 and 1.6 mmol/L SA significantly increased spinach root length, plant height, and biomass”
e1“Cd-treated group”
Claim · model-written summary
1.6 mmol/L salicylic acid increased spinach root length, height and biomass under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 1.6 mmol/L SAe0
- Outcome
- root length, plant height, and biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Cd-treated groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.8 and 1.6 mmol/L SA significantly increased spinach root length, plant height, and biomass”
e1“Cd-treated group”
Claim · model-written summary
0.8 mmol/L salicylic acid decreased spinach shoot cadmium content by 30.03%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.8e0
- Outcome
- Cd content in shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.03e0
- Comparator
- Cd-treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.8 and 1.6 mmol/L SA significantly increased spinach root length, plant height, and biomass and decreased the Cd content in shoots by 30.03 and 17.35% compared to the Cd-treated group.”
Claim · model-written summary
1.6 mmol/L salicylic acid decreased spinach shoot cadmium content by 17.35%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 1.6 mmol/L SAe0
- Outcome
- Cd content in shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.35%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.8 and 1.6 mmol/L SA significantly increased spinach root length, plant height, and biomass and decreased the Cd content in shoots by 30.03 and 17.35% compared to the Cd-treated group.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid alleviated cadmium-related leaf yellowing.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- yellowing of leavese0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA alleviated the yellowing of leaves caused by Cd stress.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid reduced reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline and soluble protein levels.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble protein levelse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous SA ameliorated Cd toxicity in spinach by reducing reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble protein levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid downregulated cadmium transport genes and reduced leaf cadmium absorption.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Exogenous SA applicatione0
- Gene
- SoHMA4-like, SoNramp3.1-like, SoNramp6-like, and SoNramp7.2-likee0
- Outcome
- Cd absorption in spinach leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous SA application reduced Cd absorption in spinach leaves by downregulating the expression of genes involved in Cd transport, such as SoHMA4-like, SoNramp3.1-like, SoNramp6-like, and SoNramp7.2-like.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium stress, salicylic acid application correlated with plant cadmium, pigment and transport gene expression measures.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- exogenous SA applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant Cd content, photosynthetic pigment content, and relative expression of Cd absorption and transportation-related genese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous SA application under Cd stress was correlated with plant Cd content, photosynthetic pigment content, and relative expression of Cd absorption and transportation-related genes.”
t0“spinach”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.