Abstract
The increasing level of cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil due to anthropogenic actions is a significant problem. This problem not only harms the natural environment, but it also causes major harm to human health via the food chain. The use of chelating agent is a useful strategy to avoid heavy metal uptake and accumulation in plants. In this study, randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants. For Cd stress, S. oleracea plants were treated with CdCl 2 solution (100 µM). For control, plants were given distilled water. One week after Cd stress, MA and TA foliar spray was employed at concentration of 100 and 150 µM for both. The results of this study revealed that Cd stress (100 µM) significantly reduced growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and related parameters and gas exchange attributes. Cadmium stress also stimulated antioxidant defense mechanism in S. oleracea. Cd stressed plants had elevated levels of Cd metal ions in root and consumable parts (i.e. leaves) and caused severe oxidative damages in the form of increased lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakage. MA and TA supplements at both low and high levels (100 and 150 µM) effectively reversed the devastating effects of Cd stress and improved growth, photosynthesis and defense related attributes of S. oleracea plants. These supplements also prevented excessive accumulation of Cd metal ions as indicated by lowered Cd metal contents in MA and TA treated plants. These findings demonstrated that MA and TA treatments can potentially reduce Cdl induced phytotoxicity in plants by reducing its uptake and enhancing photosynthesis and defense related parameters.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress at 100 µM significantly reduced spinach growth, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange attributes compared with distilled water.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- Cd stress (100 µM)e2
- Outcome
- growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and related parameters and gas exchange attributese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- distilled watere1
- Setting
- pot experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“For Cd stress, S. oleracea plants were treated with CdCl 2 solution (100 µM). For control, plants were given distilled water”
e2“Cd stress (100 µM) significantly reduced growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and related parameters and gas exchange attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress stimulated the antioxidant defense mechanism in spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense mechanisme1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“Cadmium stress also stimulated antioxidant defense mechanism in S. oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress raised Cd metal ion levels in spinach roots and leaves compared with distilled water.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- root and consumable parts (i.e. leaves)e2
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- levels of Cd metal ionse2
- Direction
- elevatede2
- Comparator
- distilled watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“For Cd stress, S. oleracea plants were treated with CdCl 2 solution (100 µM). For control, plants were given distilled water”
e2“Cd stressed plants had elevated levels of Cd metal ions in root and consumable parts (i.e. leaves) and caused severe oxidative damages in the form of increased lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakage in spinach compared with distilled water.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakagee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- distilled watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“For Cd stress, S. oleracea plants were treated with CdCl 2 solution (100 µM). For control, plants were given distilled water”
e2“Cd stressed plants had elevated levels of Cd metal ions in root and consumable parts (i.e. leaves) and caused severe oxidative damages in the form of increased lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
MA and TA at 100 and 150 µM reversed Cd-stress effects and improved growth, photosynthesis and defense attributes of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- MA and TA supplements at both low and high levels (100 and 150 µM)e1
- Outcome
- growth, photosynthesis and defense related attributese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- Cd stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“MA and TA supplements at both low and high levels (100 and 150 µM) effectively reversed the devastating effects of Cd stress and improved growth, photosynthesis and defense related attributes of S. oleracea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MA and TA prevented excessive Cd accumulation in spinach, with lower Cd metal contents in treated plants.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- MA and TAe1
- Outcome
- Cd metal contentse1
- Direction
- lowerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“These supplements also prevented excessive accumulation of Cd metal ions as indicated by lowered Cd metal contents in MA and TA treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MA and TA treatments can potentially reduce Cd-induced phytotoxicity in spinach by reducing Cd uptake and enhancing photosynthesis and defense parameters.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- MA and TA treatmentse1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Qualifier
- by reducing its uptake and enhancing photosynthesis and defense related parameterse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“randomized design pot experiment was conducted to evaluate potential role of malic acid (MA) and tartaric acid (TA) foliar spray to mitigate Cd stress in Spinacia oleracea L plants”
e1“These findings demonstrated that MA and TA treatments can potentially reduce Cdl induced phytotoxicity in plants by reducing its uptake and enhancing photosynthesis and defense related parameters”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →heavy metal · physiology: photosynthesis · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
heavy metal · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →heavy metal · physiology: oxidative · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.