Abstract
Sustainability of rice-wheat rotation is questioned with soil degradation and depleting natural resources. The study aimed to assess the long-term impact of four crop rotations [rice-wheat, rice-wheat-mungbean, rice-chickpea, rice-wheat-rice-chickpea (2-year rotation)], each consisted of three nutrient treatments [control, integrated nutrient management (INM), and chemical fertilizers (RDF)] on soil carbon pools, soil microbial, and biochemical properties. Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotation increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 17% and 27%. Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased soil enzymes activities over rice-wheat rotation, prominent on arylsulfatase (41%), dehydrogenase (38%), and phosphatases (32%). Rice-chickpea rotation had higher alkaline phosphatase (10%), β-glucosidase (13%), and protease (6%) activities over rice-wheat rotation. Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased the MBC/SOC and reduced MBC/MBN ratio over rice-wheat rotation, which indicates increased lability of soil carbon and enhanced nitrogen cycling rate. The INM treatment increased SOC (20%), MBC (53%), soil respiration (9%), and enzymes activities over RDF treatment, which was primarily attributed to higher organic matter input through farmyard manure and residues recycling. The higher SOC and microbial activity in legume-inclusive rotations influenced the base-crop (rice) productivity. Thus, the inclusion of grain legume and INM could improve microbial activity and biochemical functions in tropical rice soils.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotation increased soil organic carbon (SOC) by 17%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotatione1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17%e1
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotation increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 17% and 27%”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotation increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 27%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotatione1
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbon (MBC)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 27%e1
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mungbean inclusion in rice-wheat rotation increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 17% and 27%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased arylsulfatase activity by 41% over rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Rice-wheat-mungbean rotatione2
- Outcome
- arylsulfatasee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 41%e2
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased soil enzymes activities over rice-wheat rotation, prominent on arylsulfatase (41%), dehydrogenase (38%), and phosphatases (32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased dehydrogenase activity by 38% over rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Rice-wheat-mungbean rotatione2
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 38%e2
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased soil enzymes activities over rice-wheat rotation, prominent on arylsulfatase (41%), dehydrogenase (38%), and phosphatases (32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased phosphatase activity by 32% over rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Rice-wheat-mungbean rotatione2
- Outcome
- phosphatasese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 32%e2
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased soil enzymes activities over rice-wheat rotation, prominent on arylsulfatase (41%), dehydrogenase (38%), and phosphatases (32%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-chickpea rotation had higher alkaline phosphatase activity by 10% than rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- Rice-chickpea rotatione3
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 10%e3
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Rice-chickpea rotation had higher alkaline phosphatase (10%), β-glucosidase (13%), and protease (6%) activities over rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-chickpea rotation had higher β-glucosidase activity by 13% than rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- Rice-chickpea rotatione3
- Outcome
- β-glucosidasee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 13%e3
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Rice-chickpea rotation had higher alkaline phosphatase (10%), β-glucosidase (13%), and protease (6%) activities over rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-chickpea rotation had higher protease activity by 6% than rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- Rice-chickpea rotatione3
- Outcome
- proteasee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 6%e3
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Rice-chickpea rotation had higher alkaline phosphatase (10%), β-glucosidase (13%), and protease (6%) activities over rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased the MBC/SOC ratio over rice-wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- Rice-wheat-mungbean rotatione4
- Outcome
- MBC/SOCe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased the MBC/SOC and reduced MBC/MBN ratio over rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation reduced the MBC/MBN ratio over rice-wheat rotation, indicating increased soil carbon lability and enhanced nitrogen cycling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- Rice-wheat-mungbean rotatione4
- Outcome
- MBC/MBN ratioe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- rice-wheat rotatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Rice-wheat-mungbean rotation increased the MBC/SOC and reduced MBC/MBN ratio over rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
INM treatment increased SOC by 20% over RDF treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- INM treatmente5
- Outcome
- SOCe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 20%e5
- Comparator
- RDF treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustainability of rice-wheat rotation is questioned”
e5“The INM treatment increased SOC (20%), MBC (53%), soil respiration (9%), and enzymes activities over RDF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
INM treatment increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 53% over RDF treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- INM treatmente5
- Outcome
- MBCe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 53%e5
- Comparator
- RDF treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustainability of rice-wheat rotation is questioned”
e5“The INM treatment increased SOC (20%), MBC (53%), soil respiration (9%), and enzymes activities over RDF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
INM treatment increased soil respiration by 9% over RDF treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- INM treatmente5
- Outcome
- soil respiratione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 9%e5
- Comparator
- RDF treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustainability of rice-wheat rotation is questioned”
e5“The INM treatment increased SOC (20%), MBC (53%), soil respiration (9%), and enzymes activities over RDF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
INM treatment increased soil enzyme activities over RDF treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- INM treatmente5
- Outcome
- enzymes activitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- RDF treatmente5
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustainability of rice-wheat rotation is questioned”
e5“The INM treatment increased SOC (20%), MBC (53%), soil respiration (9%), and enzymes activities over RDF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher SOC and microbial activity in legume-inclusive rotations influenced base-crop (rice) productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Treatment
- legume-inclusive rotationse6
- Outcome
- base-crop (rice) productivitye6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The higher SOC and microbial activity in legume-inclusive rotations influenced the base-crop (rice) productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Inclusion of grain legume and INM could improve microbial activity and biochemical functions in tropical rice soils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Outcome
- microbial activity and biochemical functionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the inclusion of grain legume and INM could improve microbial activity and biochemical functions in tropical rice soils”
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