Abstract
Introduction Currently, straw biodegradation and soil improvement in rice-mushroom rotation systems have attracted much attention. However, there is still a lack of studies on the effects of rice-mushroom rotation on yield, soil properties and microbial succession. Methods In this study, no treatment (CK), green manure return (GM) and rice straw return (RS) were used as controls to fully evaluate the effect of Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation substrate return (SRS) on soil properties and microorganisms. Results The results indicated that rice yield, soil nutrient (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium) and soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activities had positive responses to the rice-mushroom rotation. At the interannual level, microbial diversity varied significantly among treatments, with the rice-mushroom rotation significantly increasing the relative alpha diversity index of soil bacteria and enriching beneficial microbial communities such as Rhizobium , Bacillus and Trichoderma for rice growth. Soil nutrients and enzymatic activities were significantly correlated with microbial communities during rice-mushroom rotation. The fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks were modular, and Latescibacterota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota and Patescibacteria were closely related to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that fungal diversity responded more to changes in soil nutrients than did bacterial diversity. Discussion Overall, the rice-mushroom rotation model improved soil nutrients and rice yields, enriched beneficial microorganisms and maintained microbial diversity. This study provides new insights into the use of S. rugosoannulata cultivation substrates in the sustainable development of agroecosystems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-mushroom rotation increased rice yield.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- positive responsese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice yield, soil nutrient (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium) and soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activities had positive responses to the rice-mushroom rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-mushroom rotation improved soil nutrient measures.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium)e0
- Direction
- positive responsese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil nutrient (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium) and soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activities had positive responses to the rice-mushroom rotation”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-mushroom rotation increased soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activitiese0
- Direction
- positive responsese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activities had positive responses to the rice-mushroom rotation”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial diversity varied significantly among treatments between years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- microbial diversitye0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the interannual level, microbial diversity varied significantly among treatments”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-mushroom rotation increased soil bacterial alpha diversity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- relative alpha diversity index of soil bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-mushroom rotation significantly increasing the relative alpha diversity index of soil bacteria”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-mushroom rotation enriched beneficial microbial communities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- beneficial microbial communities such as Rhizobium , Bacillus and Trichodermae0
- Direction
- enrichinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-mushroom rotation significantly increasing the relative alpha diversity index of soil bacteria and enriching beneficial microbial communities such as Rhizobium , Bacillus and Trichoderma for rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nutrients and enzyme activities correlated significantly with microbial communities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice-mushroom rotatione0
- Outcome
- microbial communitiese0
- Qualifier
- Soil nutrients and enzymatic activitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil nutrients and enzymatic activities were significantly correlated with microbial communities during rice-mushroom rotation.”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks were modular.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks were modulare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks were modular”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Named bacterial groups were closely related to soil nutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- accumulation of nutrients in the soile0
- Qualifier
- Latescibacterota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota and Patescibacteriae0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Latescibacterota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota and Patescibacteria were closely related to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal diversity responded more to soil nutrient changes than bacterial diversity in the structural equation model.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fungal diversitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- bacterial diversitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal diversity responded more to changes in soil nutrients than did bacterial diversity”
t0“rice-mushroom rotation pattern”
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