Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important metabolite which functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, its role in plant defense and how it is regulated are largely unknown. Here, we report a detailed analysis of GABA induction during the resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. While searching for the mechanism underlying the pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK)3/MPK6 signaling cascade in plant immunity, we found that activation of MPK3/MPK6 greatly induced GABA biosynthesis, which is dependent on the glutamate decarboxylase genes GAD1 and GAD4. Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pst-avrRpt2 expressing the avrRpt2 effector gene induced GAD1 and GAD4 gene expression and increased the levels of GABA. Genetic evidence revealed that GAD1, GAD2, and GAD4 play important roles in both GABA biosynthesis and plant resistance in response to Pst-avrRpt2 infection. The gad1/2/4 triple and gad1/2/4/5 quadruple mutants, in which the GABA levels were extremely low, were more susceptible to both Pst and Pst-avrRpt2. Functional loss of MPK3/MPK6, or their upstream MKK4/MKK5, or their downstream substrate WRKY33 suppressed the induction of GAD1 and GAD4 expression after Pst-avrRpt2 treatment. Our findings shed light on both the regulation and role of GABA in the plant immunity to a bacterial pathogen.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
MPK3/MPK6 activation induced GABA biosynthesis dependent on GAD1 and GAD4.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- GAD1 and GAD4e0
- Compound
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- GABA biosynthesise0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activation of MPK3/MPK6 greatly induced GABA biosynthesis, which is dependent on the glutamate decarboxylase genes GAD1 and GAD4”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst and Pst-avrRpt2 inoculation induced GAD1 and GAD4 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pst-avrRpt2e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- GAD1 and GAD4 gene expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pst-avrRpt2 expressing the avrRpt2 effector gene induced GAD1 and GAD4 gene expression and increased the levels of GABA”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst and Pst-avrRpt2 inoculation increased GABA levels.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pst-avrRpt2e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- levels of GABAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pst-avrRpt2 expressing the avrRpt2 effector gene induced GAD1 and GAD4 gene expression and increased the levels of GABA”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
GAD1, GAD2 and GAD4 contribute to GABA biosynthesis and resistance to Pst-avrRpt2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Interactor
- Pst-avrRpt2e0pathogen
- Gene
- GAD1, GAD2, and GAD4e0
- Outcome
- GABA biosynthesis and plant resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAD1, GAD2, and GAD4 play important roles in both GABA biosynthesis and plant resistance in response to Pst-avrRpt2 infection”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
gad1/2/4 and gad1/2/4/5 mutants had extremely low GABA levels.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- gad1/2/4 triple and gad1/2/4/5 quadruple mutantse0
- Outcome
- GABA levelse0
- Direction
- extremely lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gad1/2/4 triple and gad1/2/4/5 quadruple mutants, in which the GABA levels were extremely low”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
gad1/2/4 and gad1/2/4/5 mutants were more susceptible to Pst and Pst-avrRpt2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- gad1/2/4 triple and gad1/2/4/5 quadruple mutantse0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptible to both Pst and Pst-avrRpt2e0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gad1/2/4 triple and gad1/2/4/5 quadruple mutants, in which the GABA levels were extremely low, were more susceptible to both Pst and Pst-avrRpt2”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of MPK3/MPK6, MKK4/MKK5 or WRKY33 suppressed GAD1 and GAD4 induction after Pst-avrRpt2 treatment.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Pst-avrRpt2 treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pst-avrRpt2e0pathogen
- Gene
- MPK3/MPK6e0
- Outcome
- induction of GAD1 and GAD4 expressione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional loss of MPK3/MPK6, or their upstream MKK4/MKK5, or their downstream substrate WRKY33 suppressed the induction of GAD1 and GAD4 expression after Pst-avrRpt2 treatment”
t0“Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae”
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