Abstract
The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides, AtPeps, elicit an innate immune response reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity. Detection of various danger signals, including microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), leads to elevated transcription of PROPEPs, the AtPep precursors, and PEPRs, the AtPep receptors. It has been hypothesized that AtPeps are involved in enhancing pattern-triggered immunity. Following this idea, we analyzed the relationship between MAMP- and AtPep-elicited signaling. We found that the perception of MAMPs enhanced a subsequent AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, other components of AtPep-triggered immunity like Ca(2+) influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, ethylene production, and expression of early defense genes, as well as ROS-activated genes, remained unchanged. By contrast, treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted an increase of all analyzed AtPep-triggered responses. We positively correlated the intensities of generic AtPep-triggered responses with the abundance of the two AtPep receptors by generating constitutively expressing PEPR1 and PEPR2 transgenic lines and by analyzing pepr1 and pepr2 mutants. Further, we show that enhanced, as well as basal, ROS production triggered by AtPeps is absent in the double mutant of the respiratory burst oxidase homologs D and F (rbohD rbohF). We present evidence that the enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS is not based on changes in the ROS detoxification machinery and is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ca(2+) signaling pathways. Taken together, these results indicate an additional level of regulation besides receptor abundance for the RbohD/RbohF-dependent production of AtPep-elicited ROS, which is specifically operated by MAMP-triggered pathways.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP perception enhanced later AtPep-triggered ROS production.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- perception of MAMPse0
- Outcome
- AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the perception of MAMPs enhanced a subsequent AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP perception left several other AtPep-triggered immune responses unchanged.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- MAMPse1
- Outcome
- Ca(2+) influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, ethylene productione0
- Direction
- remained unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other components of AtPep-triggered immunity like Ca(2+) influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, ethylene production, and expression of early defense genes, as well as ROS-activated genes, remained unchanged”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
e1“the perception of MAMPs enhanced a subsequent AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP perception left AtPep-triggered early defense gene and ROS-activated gene expression unchanged.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- MAMPse1
- Outcome
- expression of early defense genes, as well as ROS-activated genese0
- Direction
- remained unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of early defense genes, as well as ROS-activated genes, remained unchanged”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
e1“the perception of MAMPs enhanced a subsequent AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl jasmonate increased all analyzed AtPep-triggered responses.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- methyl jasmonatee0
- Outcome
- all analyzed AtPep-triggered responsese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted an increase of all analyzed AtPep-triggered responses”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
Generic AtPep-triggered response intensity correlated positively with AtPep receptor abundance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PEPR1 and PEPR2e0
- Outcome
- intensities of generic AtPep-triggered responsese0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positively correlated the intensities of generic AtPep-triggered responses with the abundance of the two AtPep receptors by generating constitutively expressing PEPR1 and PEPR2 transgenic lines and by analyzing pepr1 and pepr2 mutants”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced and basal AtPep-triggered ROS production was absent in rbohD rbohF double mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- rbohD rbohFe0
- Gene
- respiratory burst oxidase homologs D and Fe0
- Outcome
- ROS production triggered by AtPepse0
- Direction
- absente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced, as well as basal, ROS production triggered by AtPeps is absent in the double mutant of the respiratory burst oxidase homologs D and F (rbohD rbohF)”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS did not depend on altered ROS detoxification machinery.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROSe0
- Qualifier
- ROS detoxification machinerye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS is not based on changes in the ROS detoxification machinery”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS was independent of MAP kinase and calcium signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROSe0
- Qualifier
- mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ca(2+) signaling pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS is not based on changes in the ROS detoxification machinery and is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ca(2+) signaling pathways”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP-triggered pathways specifically regulated RbohD/RbohF-dependent AtPep-elicited ROS beyond receptor abundance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- RbohD/RbohFe0
- Outcome
- production of AtPep-elicited ROSe0
- Qualifier
- MAMP-triggered pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an additional level of regulation besides receptor abundance for the RbohD/RbohF-dependent production of AtPep-elicited ROS, which is specifically operated by MAMP-triggered pathways”
t0“The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides”
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