Abstract
Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have attracted considerable interest as biofertilizers and biocontrol due to their multiple beneficial effects on plant quantity and quality as well as their positive relationship with the ecological environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of different concentrations 25, 50, 75 and 100% from cultural filtrate of Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum to induce the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cucurbitacearum (In vitro), and their ability to improve the growth dynamics of Nubian watermelon plants in field experiment during two growing summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. In general the effect of tested concentrations of T. viride were non effective on egg deposition by adult females after five days from treatment, while in T. harzianum, the concentration 75% was the most effect than the other concentrations. Also, egg hatchability % decreased with increased of two egg age (1 – 2 day old) at treatment by concentrations 25 and 50% of both fungal. In field experiment, the test compound (vertimec) was the more effective against egg stage of spider mite T. cucurbitacearum than motile stages of both T. viride and T. harzianum treatments. Also, plants inoculated with T. harzianum showed increases in vegetative growth parameters included numbers of leaves, Leaf dry weight, stem length and numbers of branches and biochemical analysis of leaves included chlorophyll content and percentages of NPK at 30 and 60 days from sowing during both seasons compared to uninoculated control plants. Also, enzymes activities, treatment T2 (inoculated with T. viride) recorded the highest values at all growth stages, which recorded 155.77, 257.29 and 114.62 mg TPF g-1 soil day-1 for dehydrogenase and 113.79, 201.03 and 115.24 mg NH4+- N g-1 soil d-1 for urease at 30, 60 and harvest during 2017 growing season, respectively. The same trend was observed in total count of fungi during both seasons. For fruit yield, T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively. Therefore, these results reflected to increase fruit yield (Kg/m2), seed yield (g/m2) and weight of yield (ton fed.-1) during both seasons.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride concentrations were ineffective against mite egg deposition after five days.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)
Citrullus lanatust0 - Treatment
- T. viridee0
- Interactor
- T. viride
Trichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- egg deposition by adult femalese0
- Direction
- non effectivee0
- Qualifier
- after five days from treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tested concentrations of T. viride were non effective on egg deposition by adult females after five days from treatment”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% T. harzianum treatment affected mite egg deposition more than other concentrations.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- concentration 75%e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- the most effecte0
- Direction
- the most effecte0
- Comparator
- the other concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in T. harzianum, the concentration 75% was the most effect than the other concentrations”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal filtrate at 25 and 50% reduced mite egg hatchability for older eggs.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- concentrations 25 and 50%e0
- Outcome
- egg hatchability %e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 1 – 2 day olde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“egg hatchability % decreased with increased of two egg age (1 – 2 day old) at treatment by concentrations 25 and 50% of both fungal”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertimec was more effective against mite eggs than motile stages under fungal treatments.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- vertimece0
- Interactor
- T. cucurbitacearume0pest
- Outcome
- egg stage of spider mite T. cucurbitacearume0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- T. viride and T. harzianum treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the test compound (vertimec) was the more effective against egg stage of spider mite T. cucurbitacearum than motile stages of both T. viride and T. harzianum treatments”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum inoculation increased watermelon vegetative growth traits.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Outcome
- numbers of leaves, Leaf dry weight, stem length and numbers of branchese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants inoculated with T. harzianum showed increases in vegetative growth parameters included numbers of leaves, Leaf dry weight, stem length and numbers of branches and biochemical analysis of leaves included chlorophyll content and percentages of NPK at 30 and 60 days from sowing during both seasons compared to uninoculated control plants”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum inoculation increased leaf chlorophyll and NPK percentages.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and percentages of NPKe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants inoculated with T. harzianum showed increases in vegetative growth parameters included numbers of leaves, Leaf dry weight, stem length and numbers of branches and biochemical analysis of leaves included chlorophyll content and percentages of NPK at 30 and 60 days from sowing during both seasons compared to uninoculated control plants”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride treatment had the highest soil dehydrogenase activities at three growth stages.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. viridee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 155.77, 257.29 and 114.62 mg TPF g-1 soil day-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment T2 (inoculated with T. viride) recorded the highest values at all growth stages, which recorded 155.77, 257.29 and 114.62 mg TPF g-1 soil day-1 for dehydrogenase”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride treatment had the highest soil urease activities at three growth stages.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. viridee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 113.79, 201.03 and 115.24 mg NH4+- N g-1 soil d-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment T2 (inoculated with T. viride) recorded the highest values at all growth stages, which recorded 155.77, 257.29 and 114.62 mg TPF g-1 soil day-1 for dehydrogenase and 113.79, 201.03 and 115.24 mg NH4+- N g-1 soil d-1 for urease at 30, 60 and harvest during 2017 growing season”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil fungal counts showed the same trend in both seasons.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- total count of fungie0
- Qualifier
- during both seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same trend was observed in total count of fungi during both seasons”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride produced 1.92 fruits per plant, compared with 1.21 in the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- T. viride (T2)e0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of fruits per plante0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.92e0
- Qualifier
- 1.21e0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride produced 273.07 seeds per fruit, compared with 185.08 in the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- T. viride (T2)e0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of seeds per fruite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 273.07e0
- Qualifier
- 185.08e0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride produced fruit weight of 1126 g, compared with 526.66 g in the control.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- T. viride (T2)e0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit weight (g)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1126 ge0
- Qualifier
- 526.66 ge0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride produced 100-seed dry weight of 16.29 g, compared with 14.41 g in the control.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- T. viride (T2)e0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight of 100 seeds (g)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 16.29 ge0
- Qualifier
- 14.41 ge0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit yield, seed yield and yield weight increased in both seasons.
- Taxon
- Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)Citrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- fruit yield (Kg/m2), seed yield (g/m2) and weight of yield (ton fed.-1)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these results reflected to increase fruit yield (Kg/m2), seed yield (g/m2) and weight of yield (ton fed.-1) during both seasons”
t0“Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)”
The same questions in other papers
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.