Abstract
AIMS: We aimed to develop an effective bacterial combination that can combat Fusarium oxysporum infection in watermelon using in vitro and pot experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS: In total, 53 strains of Bacillus and 4 strains of Pseudomonas were screened. Pseudomonas strains P3 and P4 and Bacillus strains XY-2-3, XY-13, and GJ-1-15 exhibited good antagonistic effects against F. oxysporum. P3 and P4 were identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. XY-2-3 and GJ-1-15 were identified as B. velezensis, and XY-13 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The three Bacillus strains were antifungal, promoted the growth of watermelon seedlings and had genes to synthesize antagonistic metabolites such as bacilysin, surfactin, yndj, fengycin, iturin, and bacillomycin D. Combinations of Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains, namely, XY-2-3 + P4, GJ-1-15 + P4, XY-13 + P3, and XY-13 + P4, exhibited a good compatibility. These four combinations exhibited antagonistic effects against 11 pathogenic fungi, including various strains of F. oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia. Inoculation of these bacterial combinations significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon, promoted plant growth, and improved soil nutrient availability. XY-13 + P4 was the most effective combination against Fusarium wilt in watermelon with the inhibition rate of 78.17%. The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control. Moreover, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of watermelon seedlings were the highest after XY-13 + P3 inoculation, exhibiting increases by 265.83%, 316.79%, and 390.99%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated control. CONCLUSIONS: XY-13 + P4 was the best bacterial combination for controlling Fusarium wilt in watermelon, promoting the growth of watermelon seedlings, and improving soil nutrient availability.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas P3 and P4 and Bacillus XY-2-3, XY-13 and GJ-1-15 antagonized F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacilluse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic effects against F. oxysporume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas strains P3 and P4 and Bacillus strains XY-2-3, XY-13, and GJ-1-15 exhibited good antagonistic effects against F. oxysporum.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
P3 and P4 were identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas chlororaphisPseudomonas chlororaphise0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“P3 and P4 were identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-2-3 and GJ-1-15 were identified as B. velezensis, and XY-13 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis
Bacillus velezensise0biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- identified as B. velezensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“XY-2-3 and GJ-1-15 were identified as B. velezensis, and XY-13 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
The three Bacillus strains were antifungal and had genes for antagonistic metabolites.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- yndje0
- Outcome
- antifungale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three Bacillus strains were antifungal, promoted the growth of watermelon seedlings and had genes to synthesize antagonistic metabolites such as bacilysin, surfactin, yndj, fengycin, iturin, and bacillomycin D.”
Claim · model-written summary
The three Bacillus strains promoted watermelon seedling growth.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of watermelon seedlingse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three Bacillus strains were antifungal, promoted the growth of watermelon seedlings and had genes to synthesize antagonistic metabolites such as bacilysin, surfactin, yndj, fengycin, iturin, and bacillomycin D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four Bacillus and Pseudomonas combinations showed good compatibility.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- Bacilluse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- good compatibilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combinations of Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains, namely, XY-2-3 + P4, GJ-1-15 + P4, XY-13 + P3, and XY-13 + P4, exhibited a good compatibility.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
The four bacterial combinations antagonized 11 pathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- antagonistic effects against 11 pathogenic fungie0
- Value
- 11 pathogenic fungie0
- Qualifier
- Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctoniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These four combinations exhibited antagonistic effects against 11 pathogenic fungi, including various strains of F. oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating the bacterial combinations significantly reduced watermelon Fusarium wilt incidence.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of these bacterial combinationse0
- Outcome
- incidence of Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of these bacterial combinations significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon, promoted plant growth, and improved soil nutrient availability.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating the bacterial combinations promoted watermelon growth.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of these bacterial combinationse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of these bacterial combinations significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon, promoted plant growth, and improved soil nutrient availability.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating the bacterial combinations improved soil nutrient availability.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of these bacterial combinationse0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of these bacterial combinations significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon, promoted plant growth, and improved soil nutrient availability.”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 was the most effective combination against watermelon Fusarium wilt, with a 78.17% inhibition rate.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4e0
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 78.17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XY-13 + P4 was the most effective combination against Fusarium wilt in watermelon with the inhibition rate of 78.17%.”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased watermelon leaf number by 26.8% over the uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.8%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased watermelon aboveground fresh weight by 72.12%.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- aboveground freshe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.12%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased watermelon aboveground dry weight by 60.47%.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60.47%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased watermelon chlorophyll content by 16.97%.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.97%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased soil total nitrogen content by 20.16%.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- soil total nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.16%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P4 increased soil available phosphorus content by 16.50%.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P4 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.50%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves; aboveground fresh and dry weights; chlorophyll, soil total nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus content increased by 26.8%, 72.12%, 60.47%, 16.97%, 20.16%, and 16.50%, respectively, after XY-13 + P4 inoculation compared with the uninoculated control.”
t0“watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P3 increased watermelon seedling total root length by 265.83% compared with the uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P3 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 265.83%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of watermelon seedlings were the highest after XY-13 + P3 inoculation, exhibiting increases by 265.83%, 316.79%, and 390.99%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P3 increased watermelon seedling root surface area by 316.79% compared with the uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P3 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- root surface areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 316.79%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of watermelon seedlings were the highest after XY-13 + P3 inoculation, exhibiting increases by 265.83%, 316.79%, and 390.99%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
XY-13 + P3 increased watermelon seedling root volume by 390.99% compared with the uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- XY-13 + P3 inoculatione0
- Outcome
- root volumee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 390.99%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, total root length, root surface area, and root volume of watermelon seedlings were the highest after XY-13 + P3 inoculation, exhibiting increases by 265.83%, 316.79%, and 390.99%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated control.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.