Abstract
BACKGROUND: Botanicals insecticides has remained the major weapons amongst tropical zones farmers to combat hexapods infestation of stored cowpea seeds in lieu of expensive synthetic chemical insecticides that have toxic effects on our environment. OBJECTIVES: Deterrence of cowpea bruchid oviposition and emergence on seeds treated with Cheese wood, Alstonia boonei stem bark oil extracted with different solvents was evaluated in dual- and multiple-choice laboratory tests at 28+2oC and 75+5% relative humidity. METHODS: Four rates of oil (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) or the solvents and an untreated control treatment were replicated four times in Complete Randomized Design. RESULT: The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds. The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 1.0 % oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.75 3.00 6.25, 2.25 and 2.00 respectively while the corresponding values for solvents-treated seeds were 9.00, 11.50, 12.50, 6.75 and 4.25, respectively. Generally, oviposition decreased as the concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of the oils increased. The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds. Among the latter, those treated with n– hexane had least numbers of eggs. The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively. The number of egg laid decreased as the concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of the oils increased. Methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts completely inhibited the progeny development of C. maculatus in dual and multiple choice tests. CONCLUSION: A. boonei stem barkoil can control cowpea bruchid infestation on stored cowpea by deterring oviposition and suppressing development.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil than on seeds treated with other solvents or untreated seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oile0
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- eggse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated cowpea seeds had significantly more eggs of cowpea bruchid than treated seeds in multiple-choice tests.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- untreatede2
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- number of eggse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- treated seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Among treated seeds, those treated with n–hexane oil had the fewest eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- n– hexanee3
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- least numbers of eggse3
- Direction
- leaste3
- Comparator
- the lattere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e3“Among the latter, those treated with n– hexane had least numbers of eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol had 3.25 eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- methanole4
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of eggse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 3.25e4
- Qualifier
- 2% oile4
- Comparator
- untreated cowpea seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
e4“The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with ethanol had 4.00 eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- ethanole4
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of eggse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 4.00e4
- Qualifier
- 2% oile4
- Comparator
- untreated cowpea seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
e4“The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with acetone had 7.00 eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- acetonee4
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of eggse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 7.00e4
- Qualifier
- 2% oile4
- Comparator
- untreated cowpea seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
e4“The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with petroleum ether had 2.00 eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- petroleum ethere4
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of eggse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 2.00e4
- Qualifier
- 2% oile4
- Comparator
- untreated cowpea seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
e4“The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with n-hexane had 1.50 eggs of cowpea bruchid.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- n-hexanee4
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of eggse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 1.50e4
- Qualifier
- 2% oile4
- Comparator
- untreated cowpea seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e2“The results of the multiple choice test shows that untreated cowpea seeds had significantly higher number of eggs than treated seeds”
e4“The numbers of eggs laid on cowpea seeds treated with 2% oil extracted with methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane were 3.25, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00 and 1.50, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Oviposition of cowpea bruchid decreased as the concentration of A. boonei oil increased.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of the oilse1
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide0pest
- Outcome
- ovipositione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e1“Generally, oviposition decreased as the concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) of the oils increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts of A. boonei oil completely inhibited progeny development of C. maculatus.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extractse5
- Interactor
- C. maculatus
Callosobruchus maculatuse5pest - Outcome
- progeny developmente5
- Direction
- completely inhibitede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the dual-choice test shows that cowpea bruchid laid fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with petroleum ether and n–hexane oils of A. boonei stem bark oil compared to the other solvent treated seeds and untreated seeds”
e5“Methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts completely inhibited the progeny development of C. maculatus in dual and multiple choice tests”
Claim · model-written summary
A. boonei stem bark oil can control cowpea bruchid infestation on stored cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae6
- Treatment
- A. boonei stem barkoile6
- Interactor
- cowpea bruchide6pest
- Outcome
- control cowpea bruchid infestation on stored cowpeae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“A. boonei stem barkoil can control cowpea bruchid infestation on stored cowpea by deterring oviposition and suppressing development”
The same questions in other papers
methanol · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
ether · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
ethanol · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Alstonia boonei · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
hexane · Callosobruchus maculatus · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
methanol · Callosobruchus maculatus · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
hexane · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →acetone · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.