Abstract
One of the most important global problems is protecting food from insect pests. The negative effects of synthetic insecticides on human health led to a resurgence of interest in botanical insecticides due to their minimal ecological side effects. Therefore, the insecticidal potential of hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn roots at 1 and 5g/kg, and neem seed oil (NSO), used as standard insecticide, were evaluated. Ovicidal and larvicidal toxicity was tested by treating freshly laid eggs and larvae at different immature stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (L.) Walp seed damage and weight loss were assessed after a storage period of 4 mo. Repellency effects were detected in choice test using a linear olfactometer. All the fractions were toxic to C. maculatus; however, their bioactivities were inversely correlated with products polarity. Extracts proved to be more toxic than the commercial NSO. The acetone extract was more effective against immature stages of C. maculatus than the methanol extract; eggs, first-, and second-instar larvae being the more susceptible. No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage. Extracts evoked stronger repellency effects compared with the tested standard insecticide. According to the above, hexane and acetone extracts are good candidates for incorporation in integrated pest management programs for the control of C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All Gnidia extract fractions were toxic to Callosobruchus maculatus.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- fractionse0
- Interactor
- C. maculatus
Callosobruchus maculatuse0pest - Outcome
- toxic to C. maculatuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the fractions were toxic to C. maculatus”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract bioactivity was inversely correlated with product polarity.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatat0
- Compound
- products polaritye0
- Outcome
- bioactivitiese0
- Direction
- inversely correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their bioactivities were inversely correlated with products polarity”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts were more toxic than commercial neem seed oil.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Extractse0
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- commercial NSOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extracts proved to be more toxic than the commercial NSO”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract was more effective than methanol extract against immature pest stages.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- acetone extracte0
- Interactor
- C. maculatusCallosobruchus maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- effective against immature stages of C. maculatuse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- methanol extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The acetone extract was more effective against immature stages of C. maculatus than the methanol extract”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggs and first- and second-instar larvae were more susceptible.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- eggs, first-, and second-instar larvaee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eggs, first-, and second-instar larvae being the more susceptible”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexane extract at 5 g/kg prevented cowpea seed damage after four months.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- hexanee0
- Outcome
- seed damagee0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Value
- 5 g/kge0
- Qualifier
- after 4 mo of storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract at 5 g/kg prevented cowpea seed damage after four months.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- acetonee0
- Outcome
- seed damagee0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Value
- 5 g/kge0
- Qualifier
- after 4 mo of storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexane extract prevented cowpea seed weight loss after four months.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- hexanee0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Qualifier
- after 4 mo of storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract prevented cowpea seed weight loss after four months.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- acetonee0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Qualifier
- after 4 mo of storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts repelled pests more strongly than standard insecticide.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Extractse0
- Outcome
- repellency effectse0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- tested standard insecticidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extracts evoked stronger repellency effects compared with the tested standard insecticide”
t0“Vigna unguiculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexane and acetone extracts were recommended for integrated pest management.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- hexane and acetone extractse0
- Interactor
- C. maculatusCallosobruchus maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- incorporation in integrated pest management programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hexane and acetone extracts are good candidates for incorporation in integrated pest management programs for the control of C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds”
The same questions in other papers
acetone · quality: postharvest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hexane · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →acetone · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →botanical · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
122 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
122 papers more in this group
See all 126 papers →botanical · Callosobruchus maculatus · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
157 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
159 papers more in this group
See all 163 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.