Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum parasitism on Meloidogyne incognita eggs and juveniles was examined in-vitro under Assam condition. M. incognita egg masses, their derived eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were parasitized by T. harzianum. The conidia of the T. harzianum were found inside of the eggs and attached to the J2s with the gelatinous matrix. The eggs were penetrated and parasitized by the hyphae of T. harzianum, while eggs containing juveniles were also parasitised by T. harzianum. Further, isolate T. harzainum was used for to know the bio-efficacy against M. incognita infected on okra under pot condition. For this T. harzianum was applied either as a seed treatment and/or soil application or both. Carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application was applied as chemical checks both either singly or in combination. The results showed that either T. harzianum or the chemicals (Carbofuran and Carbosulfan) when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application, improved plant growth parameters of okra and reduced the nematode multiplication as compared to when they were applied either as a seed treatment or soil application. Application of chemicals either as a seed treatment or soil application emerged as the most effective treatment as compared to the T. harzianum. However, in respect of T. harzianum when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application showed significantly better results in an improving the plant growth parameters and reduction in the nematode multiplication as compared to the treatments with carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application alone.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum parasitized Meloidogyne incognita eggs and juveniles in vitro.
- Taxon
- okra
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Abelmoschus esculentuse1 - Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were parasitizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“M. incognita egg masses, their derived eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were parasitized by T. harzianum.”
e1“infected on okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma conidia occurred inside nematode eggs and attached to juveniles.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- conidia of the T. harzianum were found inside of the eggs and attached to the J2se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The conidia of the T. harzianum were found inside of the eggs and attached to the J2s with the gelatinous matrix.”
e1“M. incognita egg masses”
e2“infected on okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma hyphae penetrated and parasitized nematode eggs, including eggs containing juveniles.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- eggs were penetrated and parasitizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The eggs were penetrated and parasitized by the hyphae of T. harzianum, while eggs containing juveniles were also parasitised by T. harzianum.”
e1“M. incognita egg masses”
e2“infected on okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Trichoderma seed and soil application improved okra growth over a single application route.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth parameters of okrae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- either as a seed treatment or soil applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“either T. harzianum or the chemicals (Carbofuran and Carbosulfan) when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application, improved plant growth parameters of okra and reduced the nematode multiplication as compared to when they were applied either as a seed treatment or soil application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Trichoderma seed and soil application reduced nematode multiplication over a single application route.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nematode multiplicatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- either as a seed treatment or soil applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“either T. harzianum or the chemicals (Carbofuran and Carbosulfan) when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application, improved plant growth parameters of okra and reduced the nematode multiplication as compared to when they were applied either as a seed treatment or soil application.”
e1“M. incognita egg masses”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Carbofuran and Carbosulfan seed and soil application improved okra growth over a single application route.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- Carbofuran and Carbosulfane0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameters of okrae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- either as a seed treatment or soil applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chemicals (Carbofuran and Carbosulfan) when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application, improved plant growth parameters of okra and reduced the nematode multiplication as compared to when they were applied either as a seed treatment or soil application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined chemical seed and soil application reduced nematode multiplication over a single application route.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- Carbofuran and Carbosulfane0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode multiplicatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- either as a seed treatment or soil applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chemicals (Carbofuran and Carbosulfan) when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application, improved plant growth parameters of okra and reduced the nematode multiplication as compared to when they were applied either as a seed treatment or soil application.”
e1“M. incognita egg masses”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical seed or soil treatment was more effective than Trichoderma treatment.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- chemicals either as a seed treatment or soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- most effective treatmente0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- T. harzianume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of chemicals either as a seed treatment or soil application emerged as the most effective treatment as compared to the T. harzianum.”
e1“infected on okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Trichoderma seed and soil application gave significantly better okra growth than individual chemical treatments.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- T. harzianum when applied together as a seed treatment and soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application showed significantly better results in an improving the plant growth parameters and reduction in the nematode multiplication as compared to the treatments with carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application alone.”
e1“infected on okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Trichoderma seed and soil application gave significantly better nematode reduction than individual chemical treatments.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- T. harzianum when applied together as a seed treatment and soil applicatione0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae2pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nematode multiplicatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum when applied together as a seed treatment and soil application showed significantly better results in an improving the plant growth parameters and reduction in the nematode multiplication as compared to the treatments with carbosulfan as a seed treatment and carbofuran as soil application alone.”
e1“infected on okra”
e2“M. incognita egg masses”
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See all 13 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.