Abstract
Spinach and parsley are hyper-nitrate accumulator vegetables, thereby constituting a possible human healthrisk. For that, pot and two field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA)application on yield, nitrate content and another quality parameters in spinach and parsley using two differentammonium fertilizers as ammonium sulfate (A. sulfate) and urea. The results of pot experiment (factorial, 2 x 2)showed that, A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones, which companiedwith high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg-1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively). Applicationof 5 μM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants and by 50 and 7 % in ureafertilized plants, in both spinach and parsley, respectively. Under field conditions, using only urea fertilizer, nitrate wasdecreased to minimum levels, 679.0 and 395.6 mg kg-1 FW, in spinach and parsley, sprayed with 20 and 5 μM-SA,respectively. This reduction was associated with induction of nitrate reductase (NRase) activity. The maximumpercentage of NRase activity over control (74%) was recorded in spinach treated with 20 μM of SA and reached to 60% in parsley treated with 5 μM-SA. Also, spraying of SA increased marketable yield, vitamin C and total free aminoacids contents in both tested leafy vegetables. It was concluded that, SA application preserved nitrate content in safelimit for human consumption.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
In a pot experiment, ammonium sulfate-fertilized spinach gave maximum yield compared with urea-fertilized spinach.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae3 - Treatment
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Comparator
- urea-fertilized onese1
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones”
e2“pot experiment”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate-fertilized spinach had high nitrate content (942.6 mg/kg FW) in the pot experiment.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Treatment
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse1
- Outcome
- nitrate contente4
- Direction
- high levele4
- Value
- 942.6e4
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“which companied with high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg-1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively)”
e1“A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones”
e2“pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 μM SA reduced nitrate content of spinach by 18% in ammonium sulfate-fertilized plants.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 5 μM of SAe5
- Outcome
- nitrate contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 18e5
- Qualifier
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“5 μM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 μM SA reduced nitrate content of urea-fertilized spinach by 50%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 5 μM of SAe5
- Outcome
- nitrate contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 50e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“5 μM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants”
e6“by 50 and 7 %”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions, SA spraying on spinach with urea-only fertilizer reduced nitrate to minimum levels (679.0 mg/kg FW).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- using only urea fertilizere0
- Outcome
- nitratee4
- Direction
- decreased to minimum levelse7
- Value
- 679.0e7
- Qualifier
- sprayed with 20 and 5 μM-SAe2
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e7“decreased to minimum levels, 679.0 and 395.6 mg kg-1 FW”
e0“using only urea fertilizer”
e1“Under field conditions”
e2“sprayed with 20 and 5 μM-SA”
e4“nitrate was”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 20 μM raised nitrate reductase activity in spinach by 74% over control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 20 μM of SAe0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase (NRase) activitye1
- Direction
- inductione1
- Value
- 74%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e0“activity over control (74%) was recorded in spinach treated with 20 μM of SA”
e1“induction of nitrate reductase (NRase) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spraying increased marketable yield and vitamin C of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Treatment
- spraying of SAe0
- Outcome
- marketable yield, vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“which companied with high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg-1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively)”
e0“spraying of SA increased marketable yield, vitamin C”
Claim · model-written summary
In a pot experiment, ammonium sulfate-fertilized parsley gave maximum yield compared with urea-fertilized parsley.
- Taxon
- parsley
Petroselinum crispume3 - Treatment
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Comparator
- urea-fertilized onese1
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones”
e2“pot experiment”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate-fertilized parsley had high nitrate content (604.5 mg/kg FW) in the pot experiment.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume4
- Treatment
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse1
- Outcome
- nitrate contente4
- Direction
- high levele4
- Value
- 604.5e4
- Setting
- pot experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“which companied with high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg-1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively)”
e1“A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones”
e2“pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 μM SA reduced nitrate content of parsley by 10% in ammonium sulfate-fertilized plants.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume3
- Treatment
- 5 μM of SAe5
- Outcome
- nitrate contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 10 %e5
- Qualifier
- A. sulfate-fertilized plantse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“5 μM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 μM SA reduced nitrate content of urea-fertilized parsley by 7%.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume3
- Treatment
- 5 μM of SAe5
- Outcome
- nitrate contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 7 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“5 μM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants”
e6“by 50 and 7 %”
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions, SA spraying on parsley with urea-only fertilizer reduced nitrate to minimum levels (395.6 mg/kg FW).
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume3
- Treatment
- using only urea fertilizere0
- Outcome
- nitratee4
- Direction
- decreased to minimum levelse7
- Value
- 395.6e7
- Qualifier
- sprayed with 20 and 5 μM-SAe2
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e7“decreased to minimum levels, 679.0 and 395.6 mg kg-1 FW”
e0“using only urea fertilizer”
e1“Under field conditions”
e2“sprayed with 20 and 5 μM-SA”
e4“nitrate was”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 5 μM raised nitrate reductase activity in parsley by 60%.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume3
- Treatment
- 5 μM-SAe2
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase (NRase) activitye1
- Direction
- inductione1
- Value
- 60%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e2“reached to 60% in parsley treated with 5 μM-SA”
e1“induction of nitrate reductase (NRase) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spraying increased marketable yield and vitamin C of parsley.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume4
- Treatment
- spraying of SAe0
- Outcome
- marketable yield, vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“which companied with high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg-1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively)”
e0“spraying of SA increased marketable yield, vitamin C”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in nitrate in spinach and parsley was associated with induction of nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- spinach and parsleySpinacia oleraceaPetroselinum crispume3
- Gene
- nitrate reductase (NRase)e0
- Outcome
- reductione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e0“This reduction was associated with induction of nitrate reductase (NRase) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
SA application kept nitrate content of spinach and parsley within a safe limit for human consumption.
- Taxon
- spinach and parsleySpinacia oleraceaPetroselinum crispume3
- Outcome
- nitrate contente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in both spinach and parsley, respectively”
e1“SA application preserved nitrate content”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
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salicylic acid · quality: phytochemicals · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
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See all 60 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.