Abstract
The effect of two different thermal units (flame and hot steam) and three types of mulch on the percentage of weeds killed was studied in a series of experiments over 2 years. The factors studied were driving speed (2, 3, 4 km/h), flame treatment (first, second, third), growth stage (<6, 68, >8 true leaves), hot steam treatment (single, double), mulch type (none, coarse bark, sawdust, hay), and chemical application. The results suggest that a driving speed of 2 km/h kills the highest percentage of weeds, and for weed species with unprotected growth points and thin leaves, the first flame application can completely kill weeds with <6 leaves. However, a second or third flame application is required for those with 6 or more leaves. The hot steam method is effective when it is applied twice, with the second application 1 week after the first. However, there is room for improving its technology to make it cost effective for large-scale applications. Mulches after chemical herbicide application are effective for controlling weeds. However, mulching cannot be recommended with flaming because of fire hazard. The effectiveness of herbicide depends on the weed species and on whether the same herbicide was used in the preceding years. Compared to using herbicide with mulching, herbicide alone was less effective in controlling weeds and more costly in terms of cost per hectare and the environment. Key words: thermal weed control, flame, hot steam, mulching, herbicides, apple orchard, logit models.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A driving speed of 2 km/h killed the highest percentage of weeds.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- driving speed of 2 km/he0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- percentage of weedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2 km/he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“a driving speed of 2 km/h kills the highest percentage of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The first flame application completely killed weeds with fewer than six leaves when growth points were unprotected and leaves thin.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- <6 leavese0
- Treatment
- first flame applicatione0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- kill weedse0
- Direction
- completelye0
- Qualifier
- unprotected growth points and thin leavese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“for weed species with unprotected growth points and thin leaves, the first flame application can completely kill weeds with <6 leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds with at least six leaves required a second or third flame application.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- 6 or more leavese0
- Treatment
- second or third flame applicatione0
- Outcome
- second or third flame application is requirede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“a second or third flame application is required for those with 6 or more leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot steam was effective when applied twice, with the second application one week later.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hot steam methode0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Qualifier
- applied twice, with the second application 1 week after the firste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“The hot steam method is effective when it is applied twice, with the second application 1 week after the first”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulches after chemical herbicide application controlled weeds effectively.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mulches after chemical herbicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlling weedse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Mulches after chemical herbicide application are effective for controlling weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise against mulching with flaming because of fire hazard.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- mulching cannot be recommended with flaminge0
- Qualifier
- fire hazarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“mulching cannot be recommended with flaming because of fire hazard”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide effectiveness depended on weed species and prior use of the same herbicide.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- herbicidee0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- effectiveness of herbicidee0
- Qualifier
- same herbicide was used in the preceding yearse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“The effectiveness of herbicide depends on the weed species and on whether the same herbicide was used in the preceding years”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide alone controlled weeds less effectively than herbicide with mulching.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- herbicide alonee0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlling weedse0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- herbicide with mulchinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Compared to using herbicide with mulching, herbicide alone was less effective in controlling weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide alone was more costly per hectare and environmentally than herbicide with mulching.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- herbicide alonee0
- Outcome
- cost per hectare and the environmente0
- Direction
- more costlye0
- Comparator
- herbicide with mulchinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Compared to using herbicide with mulching, herbicide alone was less effective in controlling weeds and more costly in terms of cost per hectare and the environment”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.