Abstract
Accumulation and compositional changes of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins were measured in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir in shaded and exposed treatments. In addition, extraction of these compounds into a model wine solution was measured. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard within a uniform zone of relatively low vigor vines. Light exclusion boxes were installed on pairs of clusters on the same shoot (shaded treatment), and a second set of clusters on an adjacent shoot were labeled as the exposed treatment. Fruit samples were harvested at the onset of ripening (véraison) and at commercial harvest. Cluster shading resulted in a substantial decrease in mg/berry accumulation of flavonols and skin proanthocyanidins and minimal differences in anthocyanins. In analyzing seed proanthocyanidins by phloroglucinolysis, shaded and exposed treatments were similar at véraison; however, by harvest, the shaded treatment had higher extension and terminal subunits (nmol/seed) as compared to the exposed treatment. For skin proanthocyanidins, shaded fruit was lower for all subunits (nmol/berry) at both véraison and harvest. Shading caused an increase in the proportion of (-)-epicatechin and a decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin at harvest in skin extension subunits. Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit contained a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits and a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin in terminal subunits. For anthocyanins, the shaded treatment had a proportional reduction in delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin and a large increase in peonidin glucosides. The model extractions from the two treatments paralleled differences in the fruit with a lower concentration of flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins in the shaded treatment. The skin proanthocyanidin percent extraction was found to be approximately 17% higher in the exposed model extraction than the shaded treatment.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Shading decreased flavonol accumulation per berry.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis viniferat0 - Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- Cluster shadinge0
- Outcome
- mg/berry accumulation of flavonolse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cluster shading resulted in a substantial decrease in mg/berry accumulation of flavonols and skin proanthocyanidins”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading decreased skin proanthocyanidin accumulation per berry.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- Cluster shadinge0
- Outcome
- skin proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cluster shading resulted in a substantial decrease in mg/berry accumulation of flavonols and skin proanthocyanidins”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster shading produced minimal differences in anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- Cluster shadinge0
- Outcome
- anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- minimal differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cluster shading resulted in a substantial decrease in mg/berry accumulation of flavonols and skin proanthocyanidins and minimal differences in anthocyanins”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed proanthocyanidin subunits were similar between treatments at véraison.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- seede1
- Treatment
- shadede0
- Outcome
- seed proanthocyanidinse1
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- at véraisone0
- Comparator
- exposed treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shaded and exposed treatments were similar at véraison”
e1“In analyzing seed proanthocyanidins by phloroglucinolysis”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, shaded seeds had more extension and terminal subunits per seed than exposed seeds.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- shaded treatmente0
- Outcome
- extension and terminal subunits (nmol/seed)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- by harveste0
- Comparator
- exposed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by harvest, the shaded treatment had higher extension and terminal subunits (nmol/seed) as compared to the exposed treatment”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded fruit had lower skin proanthocyanidin subunits at both véraison and harvest.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- skine0
- Treatment
- shaded fruite0
- Outcome
- all subunits (nmol/berry)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- at both véraison and harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For skin proanthocyanidins, shaded fruit was lower for all subunits (nmol/berry) at both véraison and harvest”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading increased the proportion of (-)-epicatechin in skin extension subunits at harvest.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- skin extension subunitse0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- proportion of (-)-epicatechine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading caused an increase in the proportion of (-)-epicatechin and a decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin at harvest in skin extension subunits”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading decreased the proportion of (-)-epigallocatechin in skin extension subunits at harvest.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- skin extension subunitse0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- (-)-epigallocatechine0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading caused an increase in the proportion of (-)-epicatechin and a decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin at harvest in skin extension subunits”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded seed extension subunits had a lower proportion of (+)-catechin.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Treatment
- shaded fruite0
- Outcome
- proportion of (+)-catechine0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- extension subunitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit contained a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded seed extension subunits had a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Treatment
- shaded fruite0
- Outcome
- proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallatee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- extension subunitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit contained a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded seed terminal subunits had lower proportions of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede1
- Treatment
- shaded fruite1
- Outcome
- proportion of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallatee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- terminal subunitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin in terminal subunits”
e1“Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded seed terminal subunits had a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede1
- Treatment
- shaded fruite1
- Outcome
- proportion of (-)-epicatechine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- terminal subunitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin in terminal subunits”
e1“Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced the proportions of delphinidin, cyanidin and petunidin anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- shaded treatmente0
- Outcome
- delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidine0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For anthocyanins, the shaded treatment had a proportional reduction in delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced the proportion of malvidin anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- shaded treatmente0
- Outcome
- malvidine0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For anthocyanins, the shaded treatment had a proportional reduction in delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading greatly increased the proportion of peonidin glucosides.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- shaded treatmente1
- Outcome
- peonidin glucosidese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a large increase in peonidin glucosides”
e1“For anthocyanins, the shaded treatment”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Model extractions from shaded fruit contained lower concentrations of flavonols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- shaded treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentration of flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- two treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The model extractions from the two treatments paralleled differences in the fruit with a lower concentration of flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins in the shaded treatment”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Skin proanthocyanidin extraction was approximately 17% higher in exposed than shaded model extraction.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Pinot Noirt0
- Treatment
- exposed model extractione0
- Outcome
- skin proanthocyanidin percent extractione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- approximately 17%e0
- Comparator
- shaded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The skin proanthocyanidin percent extraction was found to be approximately 17% higher in the exposed model extraction than the shaded treatment”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit”
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