Abstract
Anthocyanin and phenolic profiles of berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington were influenced by sun exposure and temperature in 1999 and 2000. Growing degree days (base 10°C) accumulated between veraison and harvest were lower in 2000 than in 1999. Total skin monomeric anthocyanin (TSMA) concentrations were higher in 2000 than in 1999 in any given treatment. Berry temperature was increased as much as 13°C above ambient and shaded cluster temperatures when clusters were exposed to sunlight, regardless of aspect for north-south oriented rows. However, maximum fruit temperatures were higher for clusters on the west side of the canopy because ambient temperatures were higher after 1200 hr. Temperatures of west-exposed clusters at times exceeded 40°C. East-exposed clusters had higher TSMA concentrations than west-exposed or shaded clusters. To separate light and temperature effects, west-exposed clusters were cooled to the temperature of shaded clusters and shaded clusters were heated to the temperature of west-exposed clusters. Exposure to sunlight increased TSMA concentrations regardless of temperature in both years. In 1999 and 2000, cooling sun-exposed clusters increased TSMA concentrations. Heating shaded clusters decreased TSMA concentrations in 1999, but had no effect during the cooler ripening period of 2000. Ultraviolet (UV) light barriers did not influence either cluster temperature or TSMA concentrations. Decreased TSMA concentrations in berry skins from west-exposed clusters were due to temperature and not to UV radiation. Exposure to solar radiation increased concentrations of the 3-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. In 2000, sun-exposed clusters, regardless of aspect, had almost 10 times greater concentrations of total flavonols than shaded clusters. UV-light barriers significantly reduced individual and total flavonol concentrations, while temperature had little to no effect on their concentrations. Acknowledgments: The authors thank the Washington Wine Advisory Committee for partial support of this study.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Growing degree days between veraison and harvest were lower in 2000 than in 1999 in the Yakima Valley.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae0 - Outcome
- Growing degree days (base 10°C) accumulated between veraison and harveste1
- Qualifier
- lower in 2000 than in 1999e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Growing degree days (base 10°C) accumulated between veraison and harvest were lower in 2000 than in 1999”
Claim · model-written summary
Total skin monomeric anthocyanin concentrations were higher in 2000 than in 1999 in any given treatment.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Outcome
- Total skin monomeric anthocyanin (TSMA) concentrationse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- in 1999e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e2“Total skin monomeric anthocyanin (TSMA) concentrations were higher in 2000 than in 1999 in any given treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry temperature was increased by as much as 13°C above ambient and shaded cluster temperatures when clusters were exposed to sunlight.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- exposed to sunlighte3
- Outcome
- Berry temperaturee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 13°Ce3
- Qualifier
- regardless of aspect for north-south oriented rowse3
- Comparator
- ambient and shaded cluster temperaturese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e3“Berry temperature was increased as much as 13°C above ambient and shaded cluster temperatures when clusters were exposed to sunlight, regardless of aspect for north-south oriented rows”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum fruit temperatures were higher for clusters on the west side of the canopy because ambient temperatures were higher after 1200 hr.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Outcome
- maximum fruit temperaturese4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- ambient temperatures were higher after 1200 hre4
- Setting
- west side of the canopye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e4“maximum fruit temperatures were higher for clusters on the west side of the canopy because ambient temperatures were higher after 1200 hr”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperatures of west-exposed clusters at times exceeded 40°C.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Outcome
- Temperatures of west-exposed clusterse5
- Value
- 40°Ce5
- Qualifier
- at times exceedede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e5“Temperatures of west-exposed clusters at times exceeded 40°C”
Claim · model-written summary
East-exposed clusters had higher TSMA concentrations than west-exposed or shaded clusters.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- East-exposede6
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- west-exposed or shaded clusterse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e6“East-exposed clusters had higher TSMA concentrations than west-exposed or shaded clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to sunlight increased TSMA concentrations regardless of temperature in both years.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Exposure to sunlighte7
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- regardless of temperature in both yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e7“Exposure to sunlight increased TSMA concentrations regardless of temperature in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling sun-exposed clusters increased TSMA concentrations in 1999 and 2000.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- cooling sun-exposed clusterse1
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- In 1999 and 2000e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“In 1999 and 2000, cooling sun-exposed clusters increased TSMA concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating shaded clusters decreased TSMA concentrations in 1999.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Heating shaded clusterse1
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- in 1999e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Heating shaded clusters decreased TSMA concentrations in 1999, but had no effect during the cooler ripening period of 2000”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating shaded clusters had no effect on TSMA concentrations during the cooler ripening period of 2000.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Heating shaded clusterse1
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse1
- Direction
- had no effecte1
- Qualifier
- during the cooler ripening period of 2000e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Heating shaded clusters decreased TSMA concentrations in 1999, but had no effect during the cooler ripening period of 2000”
Claim · model-written summary
UV light barriers did not influence cluster temperature or TSMA concentrations.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Ultraviolet (UV) light barrierse1
- Outcome
- cluster temperature or TSMA concentrationse1
- Direction
- did not influencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Ultraviolet (UV) light barriers did not influence either cluster temperature or TSMA concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased TSMA concentrations in berry skins from west-exposed clusters were due to temperature and not to UV radiation.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee1
- Outcome
- TSMA concentrationse1
- Qualifier
- not to UV radiatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Decreased TSMA concentrations in berry skins from west-exposed clusters were due to temperature and not to UV radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to solar radiation increased concentrations of the 3-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Exposure to solar radiatione1
- Outcome
- concentrations of the 3-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetine1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“Exposure to solar radiation increased concentrations of the 3-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2000, sun-exposed clusters had almost 10 times greater total flavonol concentrations than shaded clusters.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- sun-exposed clusterse1
- Outcome
- concentrations of total flavonolse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- almost 10 timese1
- Qualifier
- regardless of aspecte1
- Comparator
- shaded clusterse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“In 2000, sun-exposed clusters, regardless of aspect, had almost 10 times greater concentrations of total flavonols than shaded clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-light barriers significantly reduced individual and total flavonol concentrations.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- UV-light barrierse1
- Outcome
- individual and total flavonol concentrationse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“UV-light barriers significantly reduced individual and total flavonol concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature had little to no effect on flavonol concentrations.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- flavonol concentrationse1
- Direction
- had little to no effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington”
e1“UV-light barriers significantly reduced individual and total flavonol concentrations”
e2“temperature had little to no effect on their concentrations”
The same questions in other papers
cluster · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →shade · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →light · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →uv · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →trap barrier · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
heat · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.