Abstract
BACKGROUND: 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is a phloem-limited alphaproteobacterium associated with the devastating zebra chip disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Like other members of Liberibacter, Lso-ZC1 encodes a flagellin domain-containing protein (Fla Lso ) with a conserved 22 amino-acid peptide (flg22 Lso ). To understand the innate immune responses triggered by this unculturable intracellular bacterium, we studied the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana, using the flg22 Lso peptide and the full length fla Lso gene. RESULTS: Our results showed that the expression of fla Lso via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression induced a slow necrotic cell death in the inoculated leaves of N. benthamiana, which was coupled with a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, the expression of several representative genes involved in innate immunity was transiently up-regulated by the flg22 Lso in N. benthamiana. The Fla Lso , however, induced stronger up-regulation of these representative genes compared to the flg22 Lso , especially that of flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and respiratory burst oxidase (RbohB) in N. benthamiana. Although neither cell death nor ROS were induced by the synthetic flg22 Lso , a weak callose deposition was observed in infiltrated leaves of tobacco, tomato, and potato plants. CONCLUSION: The flagellin of Lso and its functional domain, flg22 Lso share characteristics of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and trigger unique innate immune responses in N. benthamiana. Slow and weak activation of the innate immune response in host plants by the flagellin of Lso may reflect the nature of its intracellular life cycle. Our findings provide new insights into the role of the Lso flagellin in the development of potato zebra chip disease and potential application in breeding for resistance.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of fla Lso caused slow necrotic cell death and reactive oxygen species production in N. benthamiana leaves.
- Taxon
- N. benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Organ / stage
- inoculated leavese0
- Treatment
- expression of fla Lso via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expressione0
- Gene
- fla Lsoe0
- Outcome
- slow necrotic cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of fla Lso via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression induced a slow necrotic cell death in the inoculated leaves of N. benthamiana, which was coupled with a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.”
Claim · model-written summary
flg22 Lso transiently up-regulated representative innate-immunity genes in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- flg22 Lsoe0
- Outcome
- expression of several representative genes involved in innate immunitye0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of several representative genes involved in innate immunity was transiently up-regulated by the flg22 Lso in N. benthamiana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fla Lso caused stronger up-regulation of innate-immunity genes than flg22 Lso, especially FLS2 and RbohB.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Fla Lsoe0
- Gene
- flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and respiratory burst oxidase (RbohB)e0
- Outcome
- up-regulation of these representative genese0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- flg22 Lsoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Fla Lso , however, induced stronger up-regulation of these representative genes compared to the flg22 Lso , especially that of flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and respiratory burst oxidase (RbohB) in N. benthamiana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic flg22 Lso induced neither cell death nor ROS.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- synthetic flg22 Lsoe0
- Outcome
- cell death nor ROSe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither cell death nor ROS were induced by the synthetic flg22 Lso”
e1“in N. benthamiana. The Fla Lso”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic flg22 Lso produced weak callose deposition in tobacco leaves.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Organ / stage
- infiltrated leavese0
- Treatment
- synthetic flg22 Lsoe1
- Outcome
- weak callose depositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weak callose deposition was observed in infiltrated leaves of tobacco, tomato, and potato plants.”
e1“synthetic flg22 Lso”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic flg22 Lso produced weak callose deposition in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- infiltrated leavese0
- Treatment
- synthetic flg22 Lsoe1
- Outcome
- weak callose depositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weak callose deposition was observed in infiltrated leaves of tobacco, tomato, and potato plants.”
e1“synthetic flg22 Lso”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic flg22 Lso produced weak callose deposition in potato leaves.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- infiltrated leavese0
- Treatment
- synthetic flg22 Lsoe1
- Outcome
- weak callose depositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weak callose deposition was observed in infiltrated leaves of tobacco, tomato, and potato plants.”
e1“synthetic flg22 Lso”
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