Abstract
Optimizing root system architecture can overcome yield limitations in crop plants caused by water or nutrient shortages. Classic breeding approaches are difficult because the trait is governed by many genes and is difficult to score. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with enhanced root-specific degradation of the hormone cytokinin, a negative regulator of root growth. These transgenic plants form a larger root system, whereas growth and development of the shoot are similar. Elongation of the primary root, root branching, and root biomass formation were increased by up to 60% in transgenic lines, increasing the root-to-shoot ratio. We thus demonstrated that a single dominant gene could regulate a complex trait, root growth. Moreover, we showed that cytokinin regulates root growth in a largely organ-autonomous fashion that is consistent with its dual role as a hormone with both paracrine and long-distance activities. Transgenic plants had a higher survival rate after severe drought treatment. The accumulation of several elements, including S, P, Mn, Mg, Zn, as well as Cd from a contaminated soil, was significantly increased in shoots. Under conditions of sulfur or magnesium deficiency, leaf chlorophyll content was less affected in transgenic plants, demonstrating the physiological relevance of shoot element accumulation. Our approach might contribute to improve drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, and nutrient content of crop plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic plants formed larger root systems.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Arabidopsis thaliana
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- enhanced root-specific degradation of the hormone cytokinine0
- Outcome
- root systeme1
- Direction
- largere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with enhanced root-specific degradation of the hormone cytokinin”
e1“These transgenic plants form a larger root system”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot growth and development were similar in transgenic plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- enhanced root-specific degradation of the hormone cytokinine0
- Outcome
- growth and development of the shoote1
- Direction
- similare1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with enhanced root-specific degradation of the hormone cytokinin”
e1“growth and development of the shoot are similar”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary root elongation, branching and root biomass rose by up to 60% in transgenic lines.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- transgenic linese1
- Outcome
- Elongation of the primary root, root branching, and root biomass formatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- up to 60%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“Elongation of the primary root, root branching, and root biomass formation were increased by up to 60% in transgenic lines”
Claim · model-written summary
The root-to-shoot ratio increased in transgenic plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- transgenic linese1
- Outcome
- root-to-shoot ratioe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“increased by up to 60% in transgenic lines, increasing the root-to-shoot ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
A single dominant gene could regulate the complex root growth trait.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Gene
- a single dominant genee1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“a single dominant gene could regulate a complex trait, root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin regulated root growth largely in an organ-autonomous way.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Compound
- cytokinine1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Qualifier
- largely organ-autonomous fashione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“cytokinin regulates root growth in a largely organ-autonomous fashion”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic plants survived severe drought at a higher rate.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- severe drought treatmente1
- Outcome
- survival ratee1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“Transgenic plants had a higher survival rate after severe drought treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot accumulation of S, P, Mn, Mg and Zn increased significantly.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- transgenice0
- Outcome
- accumulation of several elements, including S, P, Mn, Mg, Zne1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“The accumulation of several elements, including S, P, Mn, Mg, Zn, as well as Cd from a contaminated soil, was significantly increased in shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot accumulation of Cd from contaminated soil increased significantly.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- transgenice0
- Outcome
- Cd from a contaminated soile1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“Cd from a contaminated soil, was significantly increased in shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll content was less affected by sulfur deficiency in transgenic plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- sulfure1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- less affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“Under conditions of sulfur or magnesium deficiency, leaf chlorophyll content was less affected in transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll content was less affected by magnesium deficiency in transgenic plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Arabidopsis thalianaNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- magnesium deficiencye1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- less affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants”
e1“Under conditions of sulfur or magnesium deficiency, leaf chlorophyll content was less affected in transgenic plants”
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