Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all organisms, and plants have developed sophisticated systems to acquire iron and maintain iron homeostasis. We found that an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1), that is known to be defective in mitochondrial mRNA regulation, had increased expression of iron deficiency response genes. The ahg2-1 mutant had lower heme levels than the wild type. Transcriptome data further revealed that novel genes encoding short polypeptides were highly expressed in this mutant. The expression of one of these genes, which we named FE-UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE 1 (FEP1), was induced under iron-deficient conditions and was observed in the vascular tissues of the leaves and roots, as well as in leaf mesophyll cells. Notably, deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1 exhibited impaired iron accumulation in shoots but normal iron levels in roots. Artificially induced expression of FEP1 was sufficient to induce iron deficiency response genes, such as basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 38 (bHLH38), bHLH39, IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) and FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE2 (FRO2), and led to iron accumulation in planta. Further analysis confirmed that the encoded peptide, but not the FEP1 RNA, was responsible for this activity. Remarkably, the activation of bHLH39 by FEP1 was independent of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY INDUCED (FIT), a key transcription factor in the iron deficiency response. Taken together, our results indicate that FEP1 functions in iron homeostasis through a previously undescribed regulatory mechanism for iron acquisition in Arabidopsis.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
FEP1 expression was induced under iron-deficient conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- iron-deficient conditionse1
- Gene
- FEP1e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“The expression of one of these genes, which we named FE-UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE 1 (FEP1), was induced under iron-deficient conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahg2-1 mutant had increased expression of iron deficiency response genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- ahg2-1e0
- Outcome
- expression of iron deficiency response genese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“had increased expression of iron deficiency response genes”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahg2-1 mutant had lower heme levels than the wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- ahg2-1e0
- Treatment
- ahg2-1 mutante1
- Outcome
- heme levelse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- the wild typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“The ahg2-1 mutant had lower heme levels than the wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Novel genes encoding short polypeptides were highly expressed in the ahg2-1 mutant.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- this mutante1
- Outcome
- novel genes encoding short polypeptidese1
- Direction
- highly expressede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“novel genes encoding short polypeptides were highly expressed in this mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
FEP1 was expressed in the vascular tissues of leaves and roots and in leaf mesophyll cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Organ / stage
- vascular tissues of the leaves and rootse2
- Gene
- FEP1e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Qualifier
- as well as in leaf mesophyll cellse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“The expression of one of these genes, which we named FE-UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE 1 (FEP1), was induced under iron-deficient conditions”
e2“was observed in the vascular tissues of the leaves and roots, as well as in leaf mesophyll cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1 impaired iron accumulation in shoots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1e1
- Gene
- FEP1e1
- Outcome
- iron accumulatione1
- Direction
- impairede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1 exhibited impaired iron accumulation in shoots but normal iron levels in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1 had normal iron levels in roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1e1
- Outcome
- iron levels in rootse1
- Direction
- normale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“deletion or insertion mutations of FEP1 exhibited impaired iron accumulation in shoots but normal iron levels in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificially induced FEP1 expression induced iron deficiency response genes, including bHLH38.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Artificially induced expression of FEP1e1
- Gene
- bHLH38e2
- Outcome
- iron deficiency response genese1
- Direction
- inducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“Artificially induced expression of FEP1 was sufficient to induce iron deficiency response genes”
e2“basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 38 (bHLH38)”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificially induced FEP1 expression induced iron deficiency response genes, including FRO2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Artificially induced expression of FEP1e1
- Gene
- FRO2e2
- Outcome
- iron deficiency response genese1
- Direction
- inducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“Artificially induced expression of FEP1 was sufficient to induce iron deficiency response genes”
e2“FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE2 (FRO2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificially induced FEP1 expression induced iron deficiency response genes, including IRT1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Artificially induced expression of FEP1e1
- Gene
- IRT1e2
- Outcome
- iron deficiency response genese1
- Direction
- inducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“Artificially induced expression of FEP1 was sufficient to induce iron deficiency response genes”
e2“IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificially induced FEP1 expression led to iron accumulation in the plant.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Artificially induced expression of FEP1e1
- Outcome
- iron accumulation in plantae2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“Artificially induced expression of FEP1 was sufficient to induce iron deficiency response genes”
e2“and led to iron accumulation in planta”
Claim · model-written summary
The encoded FEP1 peptide, not the FEP1 RNA, was responsible for the activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- FEP1e1
- Outcome
- activitye1
- Qualifier
- the encoded peptide, but not the FEP1 RNAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“the encoded peptide, but not the FEP1 RNA, was responsible for this activity”
Claim · model-written summary
FEP1 activates bHLH39 independently of FIT.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- bHLH39e1
- Outcome
- activation of bHLH39e1
- Qualifier
- independent of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY INDUCED (FIT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“the activation of bHLH39 by FEP1 was independent of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY INDUCED (FIT)”
Claim · model-written summary
FEP1 functions in iron homeostasis through a previously undescribed regulatory mechanism (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- FEP1e1
- Outcome
- iron homeostasise1
- Qualifier
- a previously undescribed regulatory mechanism for iron acquisitione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-hypersensitive mutant, aba hypersensitive germination2-1 (ahg2-1)”
e1“FEP1 functions in iron homeostasis through a previously undescribed regulatory mechanism for iron acquisition in Arabidopsis”
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