Abstract
Plants show a suite of inducible defense responses against bacterial pathogens. Here we investigate in detail the effect of the circadian clock on these reactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. The magnitude of immune responses elicited by flg22, by virulent and by avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains depends on the time of day of inoculation. The oxidative burst is stronger when flg22 is infiltrated in the morning in wild-type plants but not in the arrhythmic clock mutant lux arrhythmo/phytoclock1 (pcl1), and thus is controlled by the endogenous clock. Similarly, when bacteria are syringe-infiltrated into the leaf, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly after morning inoculation in wild-type but not in pcl1 plants. Furthermore, cell death associated with the hypersensitive response was found to be under clock control. Notably, the clock effect depends on the mode of infection: upon spray inoculation onto the leaf surface, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly upon evening inoculation. This different phasing of pre-invasive and post-invasive defense relates to clock-regulated stomatal movement. In particular, TIME FOR COFFEE may impact pathogen defense via clock-regulated stomata movement apart from its known role in time-of-day-dependent jasmonate responses. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of the circadian clock for the control of different immune responses at distinct times of the day.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The magnitude of immune responses to flg22 and to Pseudomonas syringae strains depends on the time of day of inoculation in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- time of day of inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee1pathogen - Outcome
- magnitude of immune responsese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e1“The magnitude of immune responses elicited by flg22, by virulent and by avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains depends on the time of day of inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Flg22 infiltrated in the morning elicited a stronger oxidative burst in wild-type Arabidopsis than in the arrhythmic pcl1 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- wild-type plantse2
- Treatment
- flg22 is infiltrated in the morninge2
- Outcome
- oxidative burste2
- Direction
- strongere2
- Comparator
- lux arrhythmo/phytoclock1 (pcl1)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e2“The oxidative burst is stronger when flg22 is infiltrated in the morning in wild-type plants but not in the arrhythmic clock mutant lux arrhythmo/phytoclock1 (pcl1), and thus is controlled by the endogenous clock”
Claim · model-written summary
The oxidative burst is controlled by the endogenous clock in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- oxidative burste2
- Qualifier
- controlled by the endogenous clocke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e2“The oxidative burst is stronger when flg22 is infiltrated in the morning in wild-type plants but not in the arrhythmic clock mutant lux arrhythmo/phytoclock1 (pcl1), and thus is controlled by the endogenous clock”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense gene induction after syringe-infiltrated bacteria was higher after morning inoculation in wild-type Arabidopsis but not in pcl1 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- wild-typee3
- Treatment
- morning inoculatione3
- Outcome
- defense gene inductione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- but not in pcl1 plantse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e3“when bacteria are syringe-infiltrated into the leaf, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly after morning inoculation in wild-type but not in pcl1 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial growth was suppressed more strongly after morning inoculation of wild-type Arabidopsis, but not in pcl1 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- wild-typee3
- Treatment
- morning inoculatione3
- Outcome
- bacterial growthe3
- Direction
- suppressed more stronglye3
- Qualifier
- but not in pcl1 plantse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e3“when bacteria are syringe-infiltrated into the leaf, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly after morning inoculation in wild-type but not in pcl1 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell death associated with the hypersensitive response is under clock control in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- cell death associated with the hypersensitive responsee4
- Qualifier
- under clock controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e4“cell death associated with the hypersensitive response was found to be under clock control”
Claim · model-written summary
The clock effect on Arabidopsis defense depends on the mode of infection.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- mode of infectione5
- Outcome
- clock effecte5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e5“Notably, the clock effect depends on the mode of infection: upon spray inoculation onto the leaf surface, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly upon evening inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Upon spray inoculation of Arabidopsis leaves, defense gene induction is higher after evening inoculation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- spray inoculation onto the leaf surfacee5
- Outcome
- defense gene inductione5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- upon evening inoculatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e5“Notably, the clock effect depends on the mode of infection: upon spray inoculation onto the leaf surface, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly upon evening inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Upon spray inoculation of Arabidopsis leaves, bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly after evening inoculation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- spray inoculation onto the leaf surfacee5
- Outcome
- bacterial growthe5
- Direction
- suppressed more stronglye5
- Qualifier
- upon evening inoculatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e5“Notably, the clock effect depends on the mode of infection: upon spray inoculation onto the leaf surface, defense gene induction is higher and bacterial growth is suppressed more strongly upon evening inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The different phasing of pre-invasive and post-invasive defense relates to clock-regulated stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- stomatal movemente6
- Qualifier
- clock-regulatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e6“This different phasing of pre-invasive and post-invasive defense relates to clock-regulated stomatal movement”
Claim · model-written summary
TIME FOR COFFEE may impact pathogen defense in Arabidopsis via clock-regulated stomata movement.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- TIME FOR COFFEEe7
- Outcome
- pathogen defensee7
- Qualifier
- via clock-regulated stomata movemente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis Circadian Clock”
e7“In particular, TIME FOR COFFEE may impact pathogen defense via clock-regulated stomata movement apart from its known role in time-of-day-dependent jasmonate responses”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.