Abstract
Poaceae plants release 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and related phytosiderophores to chelate iron (Fe), which often exists as insoluble Fe(III) in the rhizosphere, especially under high pH conditions. Although the molecular mechanisms behind the biosynthesis and secretion of DMA have been studied extensively, little information is known about whether DMA has biological roles other than chelating Fe in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that hydroponic cultures of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings show almost complete restoration in shoot height and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values after treatment with 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0), compared with untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8). These changes were accompanied by selective accumulation of Fe over other metals. While this enhanced growth was evident under high pH conditions, DMA application also enhanced seedling growth under normal pH conditions in which Fe was fairly accessible. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that exogenous DMA application attenuated the increased expression levels of various genes related to Fe transport and accumulation. Surprisingly, despite the preferential utilization of ammonium over nitrate as a nitrogen source by rice, DMA application also increased nitrate reductase activity and the expression of genes encoding high-affinity nitrate transporters and nitrate reductases, all of which were otherwise considerably lower under high pH conditions. These data suggest that exogenous DMA not only plays an important role in facilitating the uptake of environmental Fe, but also orchestrates Fe and nitrate assimilation for optimal growth under high pH conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
DMA nearly restored rice seedling shoot height under high pH.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0)e0
- Outcome
- shoot heighte0
- Direction
- restoratione0
- Comparator
- untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic cultures of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings show almost complete restoration in shoot height and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values after treatment with 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0), compared with untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8)”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA nearly restored rice seedling SPAD values under high pH.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0)e0
- Outcome
- soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) valuese0
- Direction
- restoratione0
- Comparator
- untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic cultures of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings show almost complete restoration in shoot height and soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values after treatment with 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0), compared with untreated control seedlings at normal pH (pH 5.8)”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA treatment selectively accumulated Fe over other metals.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0)e1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Fee0
- Direction
- selectivee0
- Comparator
- other metalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes were accompanied by selective accumulation of Fe over other metals.”
e1“treatment with 3-30 μm DMA at high pH (pH 8.0)”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA enhanced seedling growth at normal pH.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DMA applicatione0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under normal pH conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DMA application also enhanced seedling growth under normal pH conditions in which Fe was fairly accessible.”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous DMA attenuated increased expression of Fe transport and accumulation genes.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- exogenous DMA applicatione0
- Outcome
- expression levels of various genes related to Fe transport and accumulatione0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous DMA application attenuated the increased expression levels of various genes related to Fe transport and accumulation.”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA increased nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DMA applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DMA application also increased nitrate reductase activity and the expression of genes encoding high-affinity nitrate transporters and nitrate reductases, all of which were otherwise considerably lower under high pH conditions.”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA increased expression of high-affinity nitrate transporter and nitrate reductase genes.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DMA applicatione0
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding high-affinity nitrate transporters and nitrate reductasese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DMA application also increased nitrate reductase activity and the expression of genes encoding high-affinity nitrate transporters and nitrate reductases, all of which were otherwise considerably lower under high pH conditions.”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.