Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alkali stress is an important agricultural contaminant and has complex effects on plant metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the alkali stress has different effects on the growth, ion balance, and nitrogen metabolism in old and young leaves of rice plants, and to compare functions of both organs in alkali tolerance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The results showed that alkali stress only produced a small effect on the growth of young leaves, whereas strongly damaged old leaves. Rice protected young leaves from ion harm via the large accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-) in old leaves. The up-regulation of OsHKT1;1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK7, OsHAK10 and OsHAK16 may contribute to the larger accumulation of Na(+) in old leaves under alkali stress. Alkali stress mightily reduced the NO(3)(-) contents in both organs. As old leaf cells have larger vacuole, under alkali stress these scarce NO(3)(-) was principally stored in old leaves. Accordingly, the expression of OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 in old leaves was up-regulated by alkali stress, revealing that the two genes might contribute to the accumulation of NO(3)(-) in old leaves. NO(3)(-) deficiency in young leaves under alkali stress might induce the reduction in OsNR1 expression and the subsequent lacking of NH(4)(+), which might be main reason for the larger down-regulation of OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2 in young leaves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results strongly indicated that, during adaptation of rice to alkali stress, young and old leaves have distinct mechanisms of ion balance and nitrogen metabolism regulation. We propose that the comparative studies of young and old tissues may be important for abiotic stress tolerance research.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress had a small effect on young rice leaf growth.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Treatment
- alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- growth of young leavese0
- Direction
- small effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkali stress only produced a small effect on the growth of young leaves”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress strongly damaged old rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- old leavese0
- Direction
- strongly damagede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkali stress only produced a small effect on the growth of young leaves, whereas strongly damaged old leaves”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Old rice leaves accumulated Na(+) and Cl(-), protecting young leaves from ion harm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Outcome
- ion harme0
- Qualifier
- large accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice protected young leaves from ion harm via the large accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-) in old leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Up-regulation of six named transport genes may contribute to Na(+) accumulation in old rice leaves under alkali stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alkali stresse0
- Gene
- OsHKT1;1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK7, OsHAK10 and OsHAK16e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Na(+) in old leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The up-regulation of OsHKT1;1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK7, OsHAK10 and OsHAK16 may contribute to the larger accumulation of Na(+) in old leaves under alkali stress.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress reduced NO(3)(-) content in old and young rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- NO(3)(-) contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alkali stress mightily reduced the NO(3)(-) contents in both organs.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkali stress, scarce NO(3)(-) was principally stored in old rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- NO(3)(-)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under alkali stress these scarce NO(3)(-) was principally stored in old leaves”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress up-regulated OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 expression in old rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alkali stresse0
- Gene
- OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2e0
- Outcome
- expression of OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 in old leaves was up-regulated by alkali stress”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 may contribute to NO(3)(-) accumulation in old rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2e1
- Outcome
- accumulation of NO(3)(-) in old leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two genes might contribute to the accumulation of NO(3)(-) in old leaves”
e1“the expression of OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 in old leaves was up-regulated by alkali stress”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NO(3)(-) deficiency in young rice leaves might reduce OsNR1 expression and subsequently NH(4)(+) availability.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsNR1e0
- Outcome
- OsNR1 expressione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- NO(3)(-) deficiency in young leaves under alkali stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO(3)(-) deficiency in young leaves under alkali stress might induce the reduction in OsNR1 expression and the subsequent lacking of NH(4)(+)”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The shortage of NH(4)(+) might explain greater down-regulation of OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2 in young rice leaves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2e0
- Outcome
- down-regulation of OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2e0
- Qualifier
- lacking of NH(4)(+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the subsequent lacking of NH(4)(+), which might be main reason for the larger down-regulation of OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2 in young leaves”
t0“Rice Plants”
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alkalinity · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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