Abstract
The antifungal activity of hexanoic acid on the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea was studied. This chemical inhibited both spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro in a concentration‐ and pH‐dependent manner, and stopped spore germination at a very early stage, preventing germ‐tube development. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for in vitro spore germination was 16 m m . Hexanoic acid also inhibited in vitro mycelial growth of germinated spores at an MFC of 12 m m . Studies performed to characterize the mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial effect of hexanoic acid showed that it alters fungal membrane permeability. In addition, hexanoic acid treatment increased the levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine in B. cinerea mycelia. Spray application of hexanoic acid at fungicidal concentrations on 4‐week‐old tomato plants prior to fungal inoculation reduced necrosis diameter by approximately 60%. Application of the same hexanoic acid concentrations on previously infected plants reduced further necrosis expansion by around 30%. The results suggest that this chemical acts as a preventive and curative fungicide. Interestingly, treatments with hexanoic acid at concentrations below the MFC in hydroponic solution prior to fungal inoculation significantly reduced necrosis area. These results suggest an inducer effect of plant responses for hexanoic acid treatments at these concentrations. Hexanoic acid is a good candidate for safe antifungal treatments for the control of B. cinerea , which is responsible for many economic losses on fruits, vegetables and flowers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid inhibited in vitro spore germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, with germination stopped at a very early stage.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- hexanoic acidt0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereat0pathogen - Outcome
- spore germination and mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- at a very early stagee2
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“This chemical inhibited both spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro”
e2“stopped spore germination at a very early stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimum fungicidal concentration of hexanoic acid for in vitro spore germination was 16 mM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for in vitro spore germinatione3
- Value
- 16 m me3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e3“The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for in vitro spore germination was 16 m m”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid inhibited in vitro mycelial growth of germinated spores at an MFC of 12 mM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hexanoic acide4
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- in vitro mycelial growth of germinated sporese4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
- Value
- 12 m me4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e4“Hexanoic acid also inhibited in vitro mycelial growth of germinated spores at an MFC of 12 m m”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid alters the membrane permeability of the fungus, which is the mechanism of its antimicrobial effect.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hexanoic acide5
- Outcome
- fungal membrane permeabilitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e5“Studies performed to characterize the mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial effect of hexanoic acid showed that it alters fungal membrane permeability”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid treatment increased the levels of spermine, spermidine and putrescine in Botrytis cinerea mycelia.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hexanoic acid treatmente6
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae6pathogen
- Outcome
- levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescinee6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e6“hexanoic acid treatment increased the levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine in B. cinerea mycelia”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid treatment increased cadaverine in Botrytis cinerea mycelia.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hexanoic acid treatmente6
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae6pathogen
- Outcome
- cadaverinee6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e6“hexanoic acid treatment increased the levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine in B. cinerea mycelia”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying hexanoic acid at fungicidal concentrations on tomato plants before inoculation reduced necrosis diameter by about 60%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spray application of hexanoic acid at fungicidal concentrationse1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrosis diametere2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- approximately 60%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“Spray application of hexanoic acid at fungicidal concentrations”
e2“prior to fungal inoculation reduced necrosis diameter by approximately 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying hexanoic acid to previously infected tomato plants reduced further necrosis expansion by about 30%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of the same hexanoic acid concentrationse1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrosis expansione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- around 30%e1
- Qualifier
- on previously infected plantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“Application of the same hexanoic acid concentrations on previously infected plants reduced further necrosis expansion by around 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid below the MFC in hydroponic solution, applied before inoculation, significantly reduced necrosis area.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hexanoic acid at concentrations below the MFCe1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrosis areae1
- Direction
- significantly reducede1
- Setting
- hydroponic solutione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“treatments with hexanoic acid at concentrations below the MFC in hydroponic solution prior to fungal inoculation significantly reduced necrosis area”
Claim · model-written summary
Sub-MFC hexanoic acid may act as an inducer of plant responses in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hexanoic acidt0
- Outcome
- plant responsese1
- Qualifier
- inducer effecte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“These results suggest an inducer effect of plant responses for hexanoic acid treatments at these concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanoic acid is a good candidate for safe antifungal treatments to control Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- safe antifungal treatments for the control of B. cinereae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control of Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants by hexanoic acid”
e1“Hexanoic acid is a good candidate for safe antifungal treatments for the control of B. cinerea”
The same questions in other papers
hexanoic acid · Botrytis cinerea · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fungicide · Botrytis cinerea · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →application · Botrytis cinerea · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.