Abstract
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted under two soil conditions, namely (i) Original paddy soil and (ii) Diluted soil (paddy soil diluted with andosol subsoil; Paddy soil: Andosol subsoil=1:4) to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water regimes on dry matter production, grain yield, AMF colonization, AMF sporulation, and mineral nutrition of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plants were either inoculated ( + AMF) or not (-AMF) under four water regimes, namely (i) Flooded up to maturity (F); (ii) Non-flooded (kept at 60% moisture of maximum water holding capacity) up to maturity (NF); (iii) Flooded for 3 weeks after sowing and then non-flooded up to maturity (F-NF); and (iv) Non-flooded for 3 weeks after sowing and then flooded up to maturity (NF-F). There were 2×2×4=16 treatment combinations. Generally, plants grown in paddy soil showed a higher plant dry matter content and higher N, P, K concentrations than in diluted soil. Grain yield was higher and grain formation was improved under flooded (F and NF-F) than under non-flooded conditions (NF and F-NF) and grain formation was retarded in the latter resulting in a low harvest index especially in inoculated plants. Mycorrhizal treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of shoot dry matter under flooded conditions and also in the production of unhulled grains under non-flooded conditions. Though mycorrhizal colonization was highest under non-flooded conditions, a 2–12% colonization level was observed even under flooded conditions at 60 d after transplanting, and 3% remained in the NF-F treatment whereas no colonization occurred under continuously flooded conditions (F) at the maturation stage. AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage. N and P concentrations in unhulled grain were significantly increased due to AMF inoculation whereas AMF significantly decreased shoot N concentration and did not affect shoot P concentration at the maturation stage. These findings suggest that AMF may accelerate N and P transfer from shoots and/or soils to rice grains even under flooded conditions along with the tendency to increase the harvest index.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Paddy soil increased rice dry matter and N, P and K concentrations compared with diluted soil.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- paddy soile0
- Outcome
- plant dry matter content and higher N, P, K concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- diluted soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown in paddy soil showed a higher plant dry matter content and higher N, P, K concentrations than in diluted soil.”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded regimes increased grain yield relative to non-flooded regimes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- flooded (F and NF-F)e0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-flooded conditions (NF and F-NF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was higher and grain formation was improved under flooded (F and NF-F) than under non-flooded conditions (NF and F-NF)”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded regimes improved grain formation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- flooded (F and NF-F)e0
- Outcome
- grain formatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- non-flooded conditions (NF and F-NF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain formation was improved under flooded (F and NF-F) than under non-flooded conditions (NF and F-NF)”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-flooded regimes retarded grain formation and lowered harvest index, especially in inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain formatione0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Qualifier
- especially in inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain formation was retarded in the latter resulting in a low harvest index especially in inoculated plants.”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment decreased shoot dry matter under flooded conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot dry mattere0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of shoot dry matter under flooded conditions”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment decreased unhulled grain production under non-flooded conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal treatmente0
- Outcome
- production of unhulled grainse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of shoot dry matter under flooded conditions and also in the production of unhulled grains under non-flooded conditions.”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization was highest without flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhizal colonization was highest under non-flooded conditions”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization persisted at 2–12% under flooding at 60 days after transplanting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- 60 d after transplantinge0
- Outcome
- colonization levele0
- Value
- 2–12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 2–12% colonization level was observed even under flooded conditions at 60 d after transplanting”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization remained at 3% in the NF-F treatment at maturation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NF-F treatmente0
- Outcome
- colonizatione0
- Value
- 3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3% remained in the NF-F treatment whereas no colonization occurred under continuously flooded conditions (F) at the maturation stage.”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
No colonization occurred under continuous flooding at maturation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- maturation stagee0
- Treatment
- continuously flooded conditions (F)e0
- Outcome
- no colonizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no colonization occurred under continuously flooded conditions (F) at the maturation stage.”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM establishment before flooding increased colonization and sporulation at the vegetative stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative stagee0
- Treatment
- AM establishment before floodinge0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonization and sporulatione0
- Direction
- positive impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased N concentration in unhulled grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- N and P concentrations in unhulled graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N and P concentrations in unhulled grain were significantly increased due to AMF inoculation”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly decreased shoot N concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF significantly decreased shoot N concentration”
t0“rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF did not affect shoot P concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Outcome
- shoot P concentratione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not affect shoot P concentration at the maturation stage.”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF may accelerate N and P transfer to grain even when flooded.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- N and P transfer from shoots and/or soils to rice grainse0
- Qualifier
- even under flooded conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF may accelerate N and P transfer from shoots and/or soils to rice grains even under flooded conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF tended to increase harvest index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tendency to increase the harvest index.”
t0“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in paddy fields on rice growth”
e1“AM establishment before flooding had a positive impact on AMF colonization and sporulation in wetland rice cultivation at the vegetative stage.”
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