Abstract
Induced resistance provides protection in plants against insect herbivores. Silicon and mycorrhizae often prime plant defenses and thereby enhance plant resistance against herbivores. In rice, Oryza sativa L., insect injury has been shown to induce resistance against future defoliators. However, it is unknown if silicon and mycorrhizae treatments in combination with insect injury result in greater induced resistance. Using the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, two experiments were conducted to investigate whether (1) silicon or mycorrhizae treatment alters resistance in rice and (2) induced systemic resistance in response to insect injury is augmented in silicon- or mycorrhizae- treated plants. In the first experiment, silicon treatment reduced FAW growth by 20% while mycorrhizae increased FAW growth by 8%. In the second experiment, insect injury induced systemic resistance, resulting in a 23% reduction in FAW larval weight gains on injured compared to uninjured plants, irrespective of treatment. Neither silicon nor mycorrhizae enhanced this systemic resistance in insect-injured plants. Furthermore, mycorrhizae resulted in the systemic increase of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, and injury caused a slight decrease in these enzyme activities in mycorrhizae plants. Silicon treatment did not result in a stronger induction of POD and PPO activity in injured plants. Taken together, these results indicate a lack of silicon and mycorrhizae priming of plant defenses in rice. Regardless of injury, silicon reduced FAW weight gains by 36%. Based on these results, it appears silicon-mediated biomechanical rather than biochemical defenses may play a greater role in increased resistance against FAW in rice.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon treatment reduced fall armyworm growth by 20%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- silicon treatmente0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Outcome
- FAW growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageComparatorSettingQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon treatment reduced FAW growth by 20%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae increased fall armyworm growth by 8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Outcome
- FAW growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageComparatorSettingQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhizae increased FAW growth by 8%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior insect injury reduced fall armyworm larval weight gains by 23% compared with uninjured rice, irrespective of treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- insect injurye0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Outcome
- FAW larval weight gainse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- uninjured plantse0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageSettingQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insect injury induced systemic resistance, resulting in a 23% reduction in FAW larval weight gains on injured compared to uninjured plants, irrespective of treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon did not enhance injury-induced systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither silicon nor mycorrhizae enhanced this systemic resistance in insect-injured plants.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae did not enhance injury-induced systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee0
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither silicon nor mycorrhizae enhanced this systemic resistance in insect-injured plants.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae systemically increased POD and PPO activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhizae resulted in the systemic increase of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury slightly decreased POD and PPO activities in mycorrhizal rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- injurye0
- Outcome
- these enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- mycorrhizae plantse0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorComparatorSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury caused a slight decrease in these enzyme activities in mycorrhizae plants.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon did not strengthen POD and PPO induction in injured rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Silicon treatmente0
- Outcome
- POD and PPO activitye0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorComparatorSettingDirectionValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silicon treatment did not result in a stronger induction of POD and PPO activity in injured plants.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced fall armyworm weight gains by 36% regardless of injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Outcome
- FAW weight gainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageComparatorSettingQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of injury, silicon reduced FAW weight gains by 36%.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer biomechanical defenses may matter more than biochemical defenses for silicon-associated resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Outcome
- increased resistance against FAWe0
- Qualifier
- silicon-mediated biomechanical rather than biochemical defensese0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageTreatmentComparatorSettingDirectionValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it appears silicon-mediated biomechanical rather than biochemical defenses may play a greater role in increased resistance against FAW in rice.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.