Abstract
Abstract Apple replant disease (ARD) is a frequently occurring plant disease, which causes retarded growth and mortality of young apple trees in replanted orchards. The aetiology is not well understood, but soil‐borne micro‐organisms are often discussed as primary causal agents of the replant problem. A greenhouse study was conducted in Laimburg, Italy, with orchard soils from the region, with the aim of obtaining information about the influence of soil biotic and abiotic factors on the aetiology of the disease. Apple rootstocks (M9) were planted into soils cultivated with apple trees that were either fumigated with chloropicrin or not fumigated, as well as mixtures of fumigated and non‐fumigated soils. In addition, uncultivated soils (from the inter‐row, from a fallow plot and from a meadow) were taken as controls. Various parameters were measured after 62 days in a controlled pot assay. Soils fumigated with chloropicrin resulted in higher apple shoot growth and lower microbial biomass carbon than non‐fumigated soils. Uncultivated soils had generally the highest microbial biomass carbon and the highest ergosterol contents. No considerable differences between basal respiration, ergosterol content, pH , electrical conductivity, and most nutrient and metal contents were observed between fumigated and non‐fumigated soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gels of DNA extracted from the soils revealed differences in the fungal, bacterial and actinobacterial communities of the different soils, indicating significant shifts in microbial community composition after chloropicrin treatment. This study indicates biotic factors in soil to be a causal agent of apple replant disease.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropicrin-fumigated soil increased apple shoot growth relative to nonfumigated soil.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- fumigated with chloropicrine0
- Outcome
- apple shoot growthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non‐fumigated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soils fumigated with chloropicrin resulted in higher apple shoot growth and lower microbial biomass carbon than non‐fumigated soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropicrin-fumigated soil lowered microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fumigated with chloropicrine0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non‐fumigated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soils fumigated with chloropicrin resulted in higher apple shoot growth and lower microbial biomass carbon than non‐fumigated soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Uncultivated soils generally had the highest microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Uncultivated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uncultivated soils had generally the highest microbial biomass carbon and the highest ergosterol contents.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Uncultivated soils generally had the highest ergosterol contents.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- ergosterol contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Uncultivated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uncultivated soils had generally the highest microbial biomass carbon and the highest ergosterol contents.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal respiration, ergosterol, pH, conductivity, and most nutrients and metals did not differ considerably by fumigation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fumigatede0
- Outcome
- basal respiration, ergosterol content, pH , electrical conductivity, and most nutrient and metal contentse0
- Direction
- No considerable differencese0
- Comparator
- non‐fumigated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No considerable differences between basal respiration, ergosterol content, pH , electrical conductivity, and most nutrient and metal contents were observed between fumigated and non‐fumigated soils.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropicrin shifted fungal, bacterial and actinobacterial soil communities.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chloropicrin treatmente0
- Outcome
- microbial community compositione0
- Direction
- significant shiftse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gels of DNA extracted from the soils revealed differences in the fungal, bacterial and actinobacterial communities of the different soils, indicating significant shifts in microbial community composition after chloropicrin treatment.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer soil biotic factors cause apple replant disease.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- apple replant diseasee0
- Qualifier
- biotic factors in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study indicates biotic factors in soil to be a causal agent of apple replant disease.”
The same questions in other papers
chloropicrin · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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- positive
- positive
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See all 5 papers →solarization · physiology: respiration · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
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solarization · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.