Abstract
Abstract The effects of puddling on soil physical properties, percolation losses of water and nutrients, and nutrient uptake and grain yield of IR36 rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll and a Lithic Hapludoll were evaluated in a field experiment. Puddling decreased the bulk densities of both soils in the top 0.1‐m layer by about 30%, but the differences in bulk density between puddled and nonpuddled soil narrowed with time. In the first soil, mechanical strength at 1 d after transplanting (DT) and at 60 DT was the same for both puddled and nonpuddled soils and was <0.3 MPa in the top 0.15‐m layer. In the second soil, it was significantly lower in puddled plots at 1 DT, but the differences between puddled and nonpuddled plots were not significant at 60 DT. Puddling decreased percolation rate by > 70% in the second soil but its effect on percolation rate was negligible in the first. It decreased seasonal water losses by percolation by about 0.03 m in the first soil and by 0.48 m in the second. Puddling decreased significantly the saturated hydraulic conductivities ( K s ) of the surface layer in the second soil. In the top 0.15‐m layer, puddling decreased maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes in the second soil, but caused no measurable differences in the first. Puddling decreased the redox potential ( E h ) of both soils and increased Fe and Mn solubilities. In puddled soil, at the 0.3‐m depth, soil‐solution concentrations of Mn and Fe were higher and those of NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn comparable to those in nonpuddled soil. The concentration of NO ‐ 3 ‐N in puddled soil was either comparable to or lower than that in nonpuddled soil. In the first soil, puddling significantly decreased leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N; in the second, it decreased leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N, NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn. Puddling significantly increased grain yield in both soils. Total nutrient uptake by rice increased significantly with puddling in both soils. Higher percolation rates did not improve soil productivity, but increased leaching losses of water and plant nutrients. Bulk density and soil strength were the main factors affecting grain yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased bulk density of both soils in the top 0.1 m layer by about 30%.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Puddlinge0
- Outcome
- bulk densitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- in the top 0.1‐m layere0
- Setting
- both soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Puddling decreased the bulk densities of both soils in the top 0.1‐m layer by about 30%”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased percolation rate by more than 70% in the second soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge1
- Outcome
- percolation ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- > 70%e1
- Setting
- second soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Puddling decreased percolation rate by > 70% in the second soil”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased seasonal water losses by percolation by about 0.03 m in the first soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal water losses by percolatione2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 0.03 me2
- Setting
- first soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“It decreased seasonal water losses by percolation by about 0.03 m in the first soil and by 0.48 m in the second”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased seasonal water losses by percolation by about 0.48 m in the second soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seasonal water losses by percolatione2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 0.48 me2
- Setting
- seconde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“It decreased seasonal water losses by percolation by about 0.03 m in the first soil and by 0.48 m in the second”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling significantly decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity of the surface layer in the second soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge3
- Outcome
- saturated hydraulic conductivitiese3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Setting
- second soile3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Puddling decreased significantly the saturated hydraulic conductivities ( K s ) of the surface layer in the second soil”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes in the top 0.15 m of the second soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlinge4
- Outcome
- maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Setting
- second soile4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In the top 0.15‐m layer, puddling decreased maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes in the second soil, but caused no measurable differences in the first”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling caused no measurable change in maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes in the first soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlinge4
- Outcome
- maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudese4
- Direction
- no measurable differencese4
- Setting
- firste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In the top 0.15‐m layer, puddling decreased maximum temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes in the second soil, but caused no measurable differences in the first”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling decreased redox potential of both soils.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge5
- Outcome
- redox potential ( E h )e5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Setting
- both soilse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Puddling decreased the redox potential ( E h ) of both soils and increased Fe and Mn solubilities”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling increased Fe and Mn solubilities, with higher soil-solution Mn and Fe at 0.3 m depth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge5
- Outcome
- Fe and Mn solubilitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- 0.3‐m depthe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Puddling decreased the redox potential ( E h ) of both soils and increased Fe and Mn solubilities”
e6“In puddled soil, at the 0.3‐m depth, soil‐solution concentrations of Mn and Fe were higher and those of NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn comparable to those in nonpuddled soil”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In puddled soil at 0.3 m, soil-solution NH4-N, P, K and Zn were comparable to nonpuddled soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddled soile6
- Outcome
- NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zne6
- Direction
- comparablee6
- Comparator
- nonpuddled soile6
- Setting
- 0.3‐m depthe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In puddled soil, at the 0.3‐m depth, soil‐solution concentrations of Mn and Fe were higher and those of NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn comparable to those in nonpuddled soil”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In puddled soil, soil-solution NO3-N was comparable to or lower than in nonpuddled soil.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddled soile7
- Outcome
- NO ‐ 3 ‐Ne7
- Direction
- comparable to or lowere7
- Comparator
- nonpuddled soile7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The concentration of NO ‐ 3 ‐N in puddled soil was either comparable to or lower than that in nonpuddled soil”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first soil, puddling did not change mechanical strength at 1 and 60 days after transplanting.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlede0
- Outcome
- mechanical strengthe0
- Direction
- was the samee0
- Comparator
- nonpuddled soilse0
- Setting
- first soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first soil, mechanical strength at 1 d after transplanting (DT) and at 60 DT was the same for both puddled and nonpuddled soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second soil, mechanical strength was significantly lower in puddled plots at 1 DT.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddled plotse0
- Outcome
- mechanical strengthe1
- Direction
- significantly lowere0
- Setting
- second soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the second soil, it was significantly lower in puddled plots at 1 DT”
e1“In the first soil, mechanical strength at 1 d after transplanting (DT) and at 60 DT was the same for both puddled and nonpuddled soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling significantly increased grain yield in both soils.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- both soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Puddling significantly increased grain yield in both soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling significantly increased total nutrient uptake by rice in both soils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- Total nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- both soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total nutrient uptake by rice increased significantly with puddling in both soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first soil, puddling significantly decreased leaching losses of NO3-N.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- first soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first soil, puddling significantly decreased leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second soil, puddling decreased leaching losses of NO3-N, NH4-N and P.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlinge1
- Outcome
- leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N, NH + 4 ‐N, Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- seconde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the second, it decreased leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N, NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn”
e1“Total nutrient uptake by rice increased significantly with puddling in both soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second soil, puddling decreased leaching losses of K and Zn.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddlinge1
- Outcome
- leaching lossese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- K, and Zne0
- Setting
- seconde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the second, it decreased leaching losses of NO ‐ 3 ‐N, NH + 4 ‐N, P, K, and Zn”
e1“Total nutrient uptake by rice increased significantly with puddling in both soils”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher percolation rates did not improve soil productivity in rice fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Higher percolation ratese0
- Outcome
- soil productivitye0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher percolation rates did not improve soil productivity”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density and soil strength were the main factors affecting grain yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Bulk density and soil strengthe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulk density and soil strength were the main factors affecting grain yield”
t0“Soil, Rice Development, and Yield”
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