Abstract
The existence of a shallow water table (surface to 0.54 m from June to October) is common phenomenon in Tarai (foothills of the Himalaya) of Uttar Pradesh, India. Puddled rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop followed by conventional land preparation for the succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop is normal cultivation practice in the region. This shallow water table can be effectively utilised to avoid puddling operations for the seeding of rice and reduce the degree of tillage required for the following wheat crop. An investigation was made in silty clay loam (Chernozem), for two consecutive years (1992‐1993 and 1993‐1994) at Pantnagar, India, in a rice‐wheat cropping system. The treatments for rice were puddling and non-puddling with two fertility levels (NPK: 120:40:40 and 180:60:60) and for wheat two tillage systems (conventional and zero tillage) in puddled and non-puddled rice field with two fertility levels. Puddling significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface (0‐ 0.06 m) soil at the tillering stage of rice, compared to non-puddling, whereas it was significantly higher after harvest. The hydraulic conductivity of the 0‐0.06 m soil depth also reduced to one-sixth and one-half due to puddling at tillering and harvesting stages, respectively. Infiltration rate was decreased from 0.68 to 0.46 mm h ˇ1 at tillering and 1.78 to 0.94 mm h ˇ1 at harvest due to puddling. The puddling only in rice enhanced the root length density by 12% but affected adversely the wheat crop and minimised the root length density by 28%. Both puddling and non-puddling were found to be equally effective for grain yield of rice. However, non-puddling of rice produced significantly higher wheat grain yield than that of wheat followed by puddled rice. Conventional tillage of wheat produced significantly higher (25%) grain yield than that of zero tillage. This study indicated that in shallow water table conditions, direct drilling of rice in place of puddled rice and conventional tillage for wheat is an alternative cultivation practice in a rice‐wheat system. # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling reduced surface soil bulk density at rice tillering.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- tillering stagee0
- Treatment
- Puddlinge0
- Outcome
- bulk density of the surface (0‐ 0.06 m) soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- non-puddlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Puddling significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface (0‐ 0.06 m) soil at the tillering stage of rice, compared to non-puddling”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling increased soil bulk density after harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Puddlinge1
- Outcome
- bulk density of the surface (0‐ 0.06 m) soile1
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after harveste0
- Comparator
- non-puddlinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas it was significantly higher after harvest”
e1“Puddling significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface (0‐ 0.06 m) soil at the tillering stage of rice, compared to non-puddling”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling reduced soil hydraulic conductivity to one-sixth at tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- hydraulic conductivity of the 0‐0.06 m soil depthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- one-sixthe0
- Qualifier
- tilleringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hydraulic conductivity of the 0‐0.06 m soil depth also reduced to one-sixth and one-half due to puddling at tillering and harvesting stages, respectively”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling reduced soil hydraulic conductivity to one-half at harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- hydraulic conductivity of the 0‐0.06 m soil depthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- one-halfe0
- Qualifier
- harvesting stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hydraulic conductivity of the 0‐0.06 m soil depth also reduced to one-sixth and one-half due to puddling at tillering and harvesting stages, respectively”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling lowered infiltration rate from 0.68 to 0.46 mm h ˇ1 at tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- Infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.68 to 0.46 mm h ˇ1e0
- Qualifier
- tilleringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltration rate was decreased from 0.68 to 0.46 mm h ˇ1 at tillering and 1.78 to 0.94 mm h ˇ1 at harvest due to puddling”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling lowered infiltration rate from 1.78 to 0.94 mm h ˇ1 at harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- Infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.78 to 0.94 mm h ˇ1e0
- Qualifier
- harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltration rate was decreased from 0.68 to 0.46 mm h ˇ1 at tillering and 1.78 to 0.94 mm h ˇ1 at harvest due to puddling”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice puddling increased rice root length density by 12%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The puddling only in rice enhanced the root length density by 12%”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice puddling reduced following wheat root length density by 28%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- puddlinge1
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- minimisede0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but affected adversely the wheat crop and minimised the root length density by 28%”
e1“The puddling only in rice enhanced the root length density by 12%”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddling and non-puddling gave equal rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- puddlinge0
- Outcome
- grain yield of ricee0
- Direction
- equally effectivee0
- Comparator
- non-puddlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both puddling and non-puddling were found to be equally effective for grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-puddling rice produced significantly higher subsequent wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- non-puddling of ricee0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wheat followed by puddled ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“non-puddling of rice produced significantly higher wheat grain yield than that of wheat followed by puddled rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional wheat tillage produced 25% higher grain yield than zero tillage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- zero tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage of wheat produced significantly higher (25%) grain yield than that of zero tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling rice and conventional wheat tillage is an alternative in shallow water table conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- direct drilling of rice in place of puddled rice and conventional tillage for wheate0
- Qualifier
- shallow water table conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in shallow water table conditions, direct drilling of rice in place of puddled rice and conventional tillage for wheat is an alternative cultivation practice in a rice‐wheat system”
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