Abstract
Rice−wheat (Oryza sativa L.−Triticum aestivum L.) rotation is the major production system in Asia, covering about 18 million ha. Conventional practice of growing rice (puddled transplanting) and wheat (conventional till, CT) deteriorate soil physical properties, and are input- and energy-intensive. Zero-tillage (ZT) along with drill-seeding have been promoted to overcome these problems. A 7-yr permanent plot study evaluated various tillage and crop establishment (CE) methods on soil physical properties with an aim to improve soil health and resource-use efficiency. Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil. Bulk density (Db) of the 10- to 20-cm soil layer was highest under puddled treatments (1.74–1.77 Mg m−3) and lowest under ZT treatments (1.66–1.71 Mg m−3). Likewise, soil penetration resistance (SPR) was highest at the 20-cm depth in puddled treatments (3.46−3.72 MPa) and lowest in ZT treatments (2.51–2.82 MPa). Compared with conventional practice, on average, water-stable aggregates (WSAs) > 0.25 mm were 28% higher in ZT direct-seeding with positive time trend of 4.02% yr−1. Infiltration was higher (0.29–0.40 cm h−1) in ZT treatments than puddled treatments (0.18 cm h−1). The least-limiting water range was about double in ZT direct-seeding than that of conventional practice. Gradual improvement in soil physical parameters in ZT system resulted in improvement in wheat yield and is expected to be superior in long-run on system (rice+wheat) basis. Further research is needed to understand mechanisms and requirements of two cereals with contrasting edaphic requirements in their new environment of ZT direct-seeding.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density of the 10- to 20-cm soil layer was highest under puddled treatments (1.74–1.77 Mg m−3).
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- puddled treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Bulk density (Db) of the 10- to 20-cm soil layere1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.74–1.77 Mg m−3e1
- Comparator
- ZT treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e1“Bulk density (Db) of the 10- to 20-cm soil layer was highest under puddled treatments (1.74–1.77 Mg m−3) and lowest under ZT treatments (1.66–1.71 Mg m−3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density of the 10- to 20-cm soil layer was lowest under ZT treatments (1.66–1.71 Mg m−3).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Bulk density (Db) of the 10- to 20-cm soil layere1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 1.66–1.71 Mg m−3e1
- Comparator
- puddled treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e1“Bulk density (Db) of the 10- to 20-cm soil layer was highest under puddled treatments (1.74–1.77 Mg m−3) and lowest under ZT treatments (1.66–1.71 Mg m−3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil penetration resistance at 20 cm depth was highest under puddled treatments (3.46–3.72 MPa).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- puddled treatmentse2
- Outcome
- soil penetration resistance (SPR)e2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 3.46−3.72 MPae2
- Qualifier
- at the 20-cm depthe2
- Comparator
- ZT treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e2“soil penetration resistance (SPR) was highest at the 20-cm depth in puddled treatments (3.46−3.72 MPa) and lowest in ZT treatments (2.51–2.82 MPa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil penetration resistance was lowest under ZT treatments (2.51–2.82 MPa).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT treatmentse2
- Outcome
- soil penetration resistance (SPR)e2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 2.51–2.82 MPae2
- Comparator
- puddled treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e2“soil penetration resistance (SPR) was highest at the 20-cm depth in puddled treatments (3.46−3.72 MPa) and lowest in ZT treatments (2.51–2.82 MPa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-stable aggregates above 0.25 mm were 28% higher in ZT direct-seeding than under conventional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT direct-seedinge3
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregates (WSAs) > 0.25 mme3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 28%e3
- Comparator
- conventional practicee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e3“Compared with conventional practice, on average, water-stable aggregates (WSAs) > 0.25 mm were 28% higher in ZT direct-seeding with positive time trend of 4.02% yr−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-stable aggregates above 0.25 mm showed a positive time trend of 4.02% per year under ZT direct-seeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT direct-seedinge3
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregates (WSAs) > 0.25 mme3
- Direction
- positivee3
- Value
- 4.02% yr−1e3
- Qualifier
- time trende3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e3“Compared with conventional practice, on average, water-stable aggregates (WSAs) > 0.25 mm were 28% higher in ZT direct-seeding with positive time trend of 4.02% yr−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Infiltration was higher under ZT treatments (0.29–0.40 cm h−1) than under puddled treatments (0.18 cm h−1).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT treatmentse4
- Outcome
- Infiltratione4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 0.29–0.40 cm h−1e4
- Comparator
- puddled treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e4“Infiltration was higher (0.29–0.40 cm h−1) in ZT treatments than puddled treatments (0.18 cm h−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The least-limiting water range was about double in ZT direct-seeding compared with conventional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT direct-seedinge5
- Outcome
- least-limiting water rangee5
- Direction
- about doublee5
- Comparator
- conventional practicee5
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice on flat and raised beds with or without tillage followed by wheat in CT and ZT soil”
e5“The least-limiting water range was about double in ZT direct-seeding than that of conventional practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Gradual improvement in soil physical parameters under the ZT system resulted in improved wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume6 - Treatment
- ZT systeme6
- Outcome
- wheat yielde6
- Direction
- improvemente6
- Qualifier
- Gradual improvement in soil physical parameterse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Gradual improvement in soil physical parameters in ZT system resulted in improvement in wheat yield and is expected to be superior in long-run on system (rice+wheat) basis”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZT system is expected to be superior in the long run on a rice+wheat system basis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Treatment
- ZT systeme6
- Outcome
- system (rice+wheat) basise6
- Direction
- superiore6
- Qualifier
- long-rune6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Gradual improvement in soil physical parameters in ZT system resulted in improvement in wheat yield and is expected to be superior in long-run on system (rice+wheat) basis”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · soil: physics · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.