Abstract
A B S T R A C T In organic fruit production the use of chemical -synthetic thinning agents or plant hormones for crop regulation is not allowed. To replace them, trials on thinning by means of substances occurring naturally in the environment, which can damage the weaker flowers or affect pollen germination adversely, were conducted in Poland in 2003-2005 on apple trees cvs. ‘Gala Must’, ‘Jonagold Decosta’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘S ampion’. It was found that Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil) reduced fruit set, positively affected apple size, commercial yield, the red colour of apples, and sometimes, flowering in the next year. However, it also produced phytotoxic effects and increased russeting of fruits. Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming. Another preparation tested – Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan) produced no thinning effect but distinctly improved the vigour of flowers and leaves, which sometimes resulted in a better growth of fruits and a more intense red colour on the fruit surface with slightly less russeting. Other preparations – garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic), used as a mixture, did not show thinning effects, but reduced russeting and sometimes increased fruit weight.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Olejan reduced apple fruit set.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil)e0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found that Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil) reduced fruit set, positively affected apple size, commercial yield, the red colour of apples, and sometimes, flowering in the next year.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Olejan improved apple size, commercial yield, and red color.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil)e0
- Outcome
- apple size, commercial yield, the red colour of applese0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found that Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil) reduced fruit set, positively affected apple size, commercial yield, the red colour of apples, and sometimes, flowering in the next year.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Olejan sometimes improved next-year flowering.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil)e0
- Outcome
- flowering in the next yeare0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found that Olejan 85 EC (85% rape oil) reduced fruit set, positively affected apple size, commercial yield, the red colour of apples, and sometimes, flowering in the next year.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Olejan produced phytotoxic effects.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, it also produced phytotoxic effects and increased russeting of fruits.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Olejan increased fruit russeting.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- russeting of fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, it also produced phytotoxic effects and increased russeting of fruits.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NuFilm improved flower vigor and apple surface quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene)e0
- Outcome
- flower vigour and apple surface qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NuFilm usually did not change fruit set.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene)e0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NuFilm often increased fruit size.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene)e0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NuFilm sometimes reduced apple color, firmness, refraction, and subsequent blooming.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene)e0
- Outcome
- the red colour, firmness, and refraction of applese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NuFilm sometimes reduced subsequent blooming.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene)e0
- Outcome
- subsequent bloominge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation – NuFilm 96 EC (di-1-Pmenthene) improved flower vigour and apple surface quality. Most frequently, it did not affect, let alone improve, fruit set. In spite of that, it often caused an increase in fruit size. Sometimes, it also reduced the red colour, firmness, and refraction of apples as well as subsequent blooming.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochicol did not thin fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan)e0
- Outcome
- thinning effecte0
- Direction
- no thinning effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation tested – Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan) produced no thinning effect but distinctly improved the vigour of flowers and leaves, which sometimes resulted in a better growth of fruits and a more intense red colour on the fruit surface with slightly less russeting.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochicol improved flower and leaf vigor.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan)e0
- Outcome
- vigour of flowers and leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation tested – Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan) produced no thinning effect but distinctly improved the vigour of flowers and leaves, which sometimes resulted in a better growth of fruits and a more intense red colour on the fruit surface with slightly less russeting.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochicol sometimes improved fruit growth and red color.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan)e0
- Outcome
- growth of fruits and a more intense red coloure0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation tested – Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan) produced no thinning effect but distinctly improved the vigour of flowers and leaves, which sometimes resulted in a better growth of fruits and a more intense red colour on the fruit surface with slightly less russeting.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochicol slightly reduced russeting.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan)e0
- Outcome
- russetinge0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another preparation tested – Biochicol 020 PC (chitosan) produced no thinning effect but distinctly improved the vigour of flowers and leaves, which sometimes resulted in a better growth of fruits and a more intense red colour on the fruit surface with slightly less russeting.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic soap and Bioczos did not thin fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic)e0
- Outcome
- thinning effectse0
- Direction
- did not showe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other preparations – garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic), used as a mixture, did not show thinning effects, but reduced russeting and sometimes increased fruit weight.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic soap and Bioczos reduced russeting.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic)e0
- Outcome
- russetinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other preparations – garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic), used as a mixture, did not show thinning effects, but reduced russeting and sometimes increased fruit weight.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic soap and Bioczos sometimes increased fruit weight.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic)e0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other preparations – garlic soap and Bioczos (an extract of garlic), used as a mixture, did not show thinning effects, but reduced russeting and sometimes increased fruit weight.”
t0“apple”
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