Abstract
Effects of varying the proportions of NO3— and NH4+ in the growth medium on seedling growth and tomato fruit yield (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) were investigated in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. The presence of NH4+ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves. However, at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH4+, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %, and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits. In DIC-enriched treatment, pH was maintained at 5.8 by addition of KHCO3 or as CaCO3. The presence of NH4+, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO3— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %. The rates of uptake of NO3— and NH4+ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant—1 d—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant—1 d—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC), despite such a large difference in their concentrations in the nutrient feed solution. A higher proportion of NH4+ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth, but in a long-term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end-rot (BER) disease, thereby severely curtailing fruit yield. The presence of even 1.1 mM NH4+ reduced Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits. Einfluss von Ammonium und Zugaben von anorganischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen in einem Hydroponiksystem auf das Wachstum und den Fruchtertrag von Tomaten In Hydroponik-Gewächshaus-Versuchen wurden die Effekte eines variierten NO3—- und NH4+-Angebotes zu Tomaten (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) untersucht. Ein ausschließliches Angebot von NH4+ (11 mM) wirkte toxisch, indem es das Wachstum hemmte und den Chlorophyllgehalt der Blätter absenkte. Bei geringerem Angebot jedoch (10 % NH4+ bei insgesamt 11 mM Gesamt-N) förderte NH4+ das vegetative Wachstum und den Fruchtertrag um 15 % und verbesserte ebenfalls den Geschmack der Früchte gegenüber den Kontrollpflanzen, die nur mit Nitrat ernährt worden waren. Diese Ertragssteigerung war unabhängig von der Zugabe an anorganischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen (DIC) zur Nährlösung. In den DIC-angereicherten Versuchsgliedern wurde der pH der Nährlösung mittels KHCO3 bzw. CaCO3 auf 5,8 konstant gehalten. Der 10 %ige NH4+-Anteil am Gesamt-N-Angebot senkte die Aufnahme von Nitrat um 27 %. Aber trotz des großen Konzentrationsunterschiedes von NH4+ und NO3— in der NL waren die Aufnahmeraten für NO3— und NH4+ mit 13,3 und 14,2 mmol Pfl.—1 Tag—1 (+ DIC) und 14,7 bzw. 14,0 mmol Pfl.—1 Tag—1 (— DIC) gleich. Eine Steigerung des NH4+-Anteils in der NL (bis zu 50 %) hatte keine zusätzlichen signifikanten Effekte auf das frühe vegetative Wachstum, bewirkte jedoch Fruchtendfäule, weshalb der Fruchtertrag abfiel. Bereits das NH4+ Angebot von 1,1 mM NH4+ in der NL reduzierte die Ca2+- und Mg2+-Akkumulation in Blättern und Früchten.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-source 11 mM ammonium curtailed tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NH4+ as the sole N source (11 mM)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- curtailede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of NH4+ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-source 11 mM ammonium decreased leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- NH4+ as the sole N source (11 mM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content of the leavese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of NH4+ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10% of total N, ammonium increased vegetative growth by about 15%, with or without DIC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)e0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ˜ 15 %e0
- Qualifier
- 10 % of total Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH4+, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10% of total N, ammonium increased fruit yield by about 15%, with or without DIC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ˜ 15 %e0
- Qualifier
- 10 % of total Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH4+, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low ammonium enhanced fruit taste and flavor.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ammoniumt1
- Outcome
- taste/flavor of the fruitse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits.”
t0“tomato”
t1“Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium at 10% of total N inhibited nitrate uptake rates by about 27%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+, at 10 % of total Ne0
- Outcome
- NO3— uptake ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- ˜ 27 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of NH4+, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO3— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate and ammonium uptake rates were comparable despite different concentrations in feed.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- rates of uptake of NO3— and NH4+e0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of DICe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rates of uptake of NO3— and NH4+ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant—1 d—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant—1 d—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ammonium up to 50% of total N had no further significant effect on early vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+ (up to 50 % of total N)e0
- Outcome
- early vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- no further significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A higher proportion of NH4+ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher ammonium caused high blossom-end rot incidence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ammoniumt1
- Outcome
- incidence of blossom end-rot (BER) diseasee0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in a long-term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end-rot (BER) disease”
t0“tomato”
t1“Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher ammonium severely curtailed fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ammoniumt1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- curtailinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby severely curtailing fruit yield.”
t0“tomato”
t1“Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Even 1.1 mM ammonium reduced calcium and magnesium accumulation in leaves and fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves as well as in fruitse0
- Treatment
- 1.1 mM NH4+e0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of even 1.1 mM NH4+ reduced Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits.”
t0“tomato”
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