Abstract
Continuous light (CL) or a predominant nitrogen supply as ammonium (NH4+) can induce leaf chlorosis and inhibit plant growth. The similarity in injuries caused by CL and NH4+ suggests involvement of overlapping mechanisms in plant responses to these conditions; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. We addressed this topic by conducting full factorial experiments with tomato plants to investigate the effects of NO3− or NH4+ supply under diurnal light (DL) or CL. We used plants at ages of 26 and 15 days after sowing to initiate the treatments, and we modulated the intensity of the stress induced by CL and an exclusive NH4+ supply from mild to strong. Under DL, we also studied the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency and mixed application of NO3− and NH4+. Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content. Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content, we found a synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap. This modulation of the hormonal composition suggests a potential role for these plant hormones in plant growth responses to the combined application of CL and NH4+. No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions, indicating that these plant traits are less sensitive than the modulation of hormonal composition in xylem sap to the combined CL and NH4+ application. Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap; however, N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that decreased N concentration rather than the presence of NO3− or NH4+ in the nutrient solution drives the hormone composition of the xylem sap. In conclusion, N deficiency or a combined application of CL and NH4+ induced the accumulation of JA in xylem sap. This accumulation, in combination with other plant hormones, defines the specific plant response to stress conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Strong combined continuous light and ammonium stress synergistically inhibited tomato growth.
- Taxon
- Tomato Plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- CL and exclusive NH4+ supplye0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- strong stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong combined continuous light and ammonium stress reduced tomato chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CL and exclusive NH4+ supplye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- strong stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild stress, combined continuous light and ammonium showed no synergistic growth effect.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CL and NH4+e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- no synergetic effecte0
- Qualifier
- mild stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild stress, combined continuous light and ammonium showed no synergistic chlorophyll effect.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CL and NH4+e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- no synergetic effecte0
- Qualifier
- mild stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild stress, combined continuous light and ammonium synergistically accumulated xylem-sap jasmonic acid.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- xylem sape0
- Treatment
- CL and NH4+e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of several plant stress hormonese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined continuous light and ammonium did not synergistically accumulate soluble carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CL and NH4+e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- No synergetic effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined continuous light and ammonium did not synergistically accumulate mineral ions.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CL and NH4+e0
- Outcome
- mineral ionse0
- Direction
- No synergetic effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under diurnal light, ammonium did not affect xylem-sap hormone composition.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- hormonal composition of xylem sape0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- diurnal lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency increased xylem-sap phaseic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- concentrations of phaseic acid (PA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency increased xylem-sap jasmonic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- JAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency increased xylem-sap salicylic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“Tomato Plants”
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