Abstract
Plant virus infection has a negative impact on agricultural crops. One of the main problems is controlling viral diseases, as the only option is to prevent plant–virus interactions. Some studies have focused on the application of nanoparticles (NPs) to combat plant pathogens, but their use against viral diseases is still underexplored. Moreover, the antiviral mechanisms of NPs are not fully understood, and more studies are needed to provide evidence of the mechanisms involved. This study assessed the comparison between innovative Ti-NPs derived from Ti-MOF material and Ag-NPs in their effects on potato virus Y (PVYNTN) - tobacco “Samsun” interaction. The results clearly indicated that foliar pretreatment with 25 and 50 ppm of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs significantly reduced PVYNTN concentration without toxic effect on plants. Interestingly, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) analyses confirmed a lower concentration of Ti-NPs compared with Ag-NPs, but Ti-NPs migrated more intensively than Ag-NPs in tobacco tissues. Moreover, the smaller size of Ti-NPs (14–19 nm) revealed a stronger preventive antiviral effect, expressed in tobacco cells by a significant reduction of PVYNTN-CP gene expression and the absence of viral cytoplasmic inclusions between 7 and 21 dpi (day post inoculation). Additionally, it was demonstrated that only Ti-NPs had direct contact with PVYNTN in in vitro test resulting in virus particles fragmentation. Furthermore, it was revealed that virus limitation as an effect of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, along with significant induction of total soluble phenolic compounds and proline content, was accompanied by reduced lipid peroxidation levels compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment. Additionally, PVYNTN-infected tobacco pretreated with Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs displayed a highly dynamic increase in salicylic acid, which plays a role in systemic resistance as a signaling factor. This study also reported that SOD (superoxide dismutase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) are important components of the antioxidant response to Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, leading to PVYNTN suppression. Correspondingly, the significant increase in SA (salicylic acid) was followed by upregulation of NtPR-5 and NtPR-12 genes, with slight induction of NtPR-1 compared with mock-inoculated plants with and without Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatment, in contrast to the downregulation of NtPR-2 in comparison with mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plants. Overall, this study established that Ti-NPs from Ti-MOF (metal–organic frameworks) and Ag-NP pretreatments offer a promising preventive approach in the PVYNTN-tobacco pathosystem without phytotoxicity risk. Nonetheless, future research is needed for deeper analyses of the mechanisms of Ti-NP and Ag-NP action, particularly focusing on their interactions with viral particles and plants.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar pretreatment with 25 and 50 ppm of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs significantly reduced PVYNTN concentration in tobacco without toxic effect on plants.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume1 - Treatment
- foliar pretreatment with 25 and 50 ppm of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPse0
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe0pathogen
- Outcome
- PVYNTN concentratione0
- Direction
- significantly reducede0
- Qualifier
- without toxic effect on plantse0
- Comparator
- PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results clearly indicated that foliar pretreatment with 25 and 50 ppm of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs significantly reduced PVYNTN concentration without toxic effect on plants”
e1“compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs gave a lower nanoparticle concentration in tobacco than Ag-NPs, as confirmed by SEM and LIBS.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Treatment
- Ti-NPse2
- Outcome
- concentration of Ti-NPse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- Ag-NPse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) analyses confirmed a lower concentration of Ti-NPs compared with Ag-NPs”
e3“Ti-NPs migrated more intensively than Ag-NPs in tobacco tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs migrated more intensively than Ag-NPs in tobacco tissues.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Treatment
- Ti-NPse3
- Outcome
- migratede3
- Direction
- more intensivelye3
- Comparator
- Ag-NPse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Ti-NPs migrated more intensively than Ag-NPs in tobacco tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
The smaller size of Ti-NPs gave a stronger preventive antiviral effect in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume6
- Treatment
- the smaller size of Ti-NPse4
- Outcome
- preventive antiviral effecte5
- Direction
- strongere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the smaller size of Ti-NPs”
e5“revealed a stronger preventive antiviral effect”
e6“expressed in tobacco cells by a significant reduction of PVYNTN-CP gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
The smaller Ti-NPs significantly reduced PVYNTN-CP gene expression in tobacco cells.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume6
- Treatment
- the smaller size of Ti-NPse4
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe6pathogen
- Gene
- PVYNTN-CPe6
- Outcome
- PVYNTN-CP gene expressione6
- Direction
- significant reductione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the smaller size of Ti-NPs”
e6“expressed in tobacco cells by a significant reduction of PVYNTN-CP gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
The smaller Ti-NPs left no viral cytoplasmic inclusions between 7 and 21 days post inoculation in tobacco cells.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume6
- Treatment
- the smaller size of Ti-NPse4
- Outcome
- viral cytoplasmic inclusionse7
- Qualifier
- between 7 and 21 dpie7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the smaller size of Ti-NPs”
e6“expressed in tobacco cells by a significant reduction of PVYNTN-CP gene expression”
e7“the absence of viral cytoplasmic inclusions between 7 and 21 dpi”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Ti-NPs had direct contact with PVYNTN in an in vitro test, which fragmented virus particles.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Treatment
- Ti-NPse4
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe4pathogen
- Outcome
- virus particles fragmentatione4
- Qualifier
- only Ti-NPs had direct contacte4
- Setting
- in vitro teste4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Ti-NPs migrated more intensively than Ag-NPs in tobacco tissues”
e4“it was demonstrated that only Ti-NPs had direct contact with PVYNTN in in vitro test resulting in virus particles fragmentation”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application significantly induced total soluble phenolic compounds in PVYNTN-tobacco plants compared with untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume5
- Treatment
- Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs applicatione5
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe5pathogen
- Outcome
- total soluble phenolic compoundse5
- Direction
- significant inductione5
- Comparator
- PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“virus limitation as an effect of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, along with significant induction of total soluble phenolic compounds and proline content, was accompanied by reduced lipid peroxidation levels compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application significantly induced proline content in PVYNTN-tobacco plants compared with untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume5
- Treatment
- Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs applicatione5
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe5pathogen
- Outcome
- proline contente5
- Direction
- significant inductione5
- Comparator
- PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“virus limitation as an effect of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, along with significant induction of total soluble phenolic compounds and proline content, was accompanied by reduced lipid peroxidation levels compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application reduced lipid peroxidation levels in PVYNTN-tobacco plants compared with untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume5
- Treatment
- Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs applicatione5
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe5pathogen
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation levelse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Comparator
- PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“virus limitation as an effect of Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, along with significant induction of total soluble phenolic compounds and proline content, was accompanied by reduced lipid peroxidation levels compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PVYNTN-infected tobacco pretreated with Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs showed a highly dynamic increase in salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume7
- Treatment
- Ti-NPs and Ag-NPse7
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe7pathogen
- Outcome
- salicylic acide7
- Direction
- highly dynamic increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“PVYNTN-infected tobacco pretreated with Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs displayed a highly dynamic increase in salicylic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD, PAL and PPO are important components of the antioxidant response to Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs that leads to PVYNTN suppression.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs applicatione2
- Interactor
- PVYNTNe2pathogen
- Gene
- SODe2
- Outcome
- PVYNTN suppressione2
- Qualifier
- PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and PPO (polyphenol oxidase)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
e2“SOD (superoxide dismutase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) are important components of the antioxidant response to Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs application, leading to PVYNTN suppression”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs pretreatment induced upregulation of NtPR-5 and NtPR-12 genes in tobacco compared with mock-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatmente2
- Gene
- NtPR-5 and NtPR-12e2
- Outcome
- NtPR-5 and NtPR-12 genese2
- Direction
- upregulatione2
- Comparator
- mock-inoculated plants with and without Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
e2“the significant increase in SA (salicylic acid) was followed by upregulation of NtPR-5 and NtPR-12 genes, with slight induction of NtPR-1 compared with mock-inoculated plants with and without Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatment, in contrast to the downregulation of NtPR-2 in comparison with mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs pretreatment induced NtPR-1 slightly in tobacco compared with mock-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatmente2
- Gene
- NtPR-1e2
- Outcome
- NtPR-1e2
- Direction
- slight inductione2
- Comparator
- mock-inoculated plants with and without Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
e2“the significant increase in SA (salicylic acid) was followed by upregulation of NtPR-5 and NtPR-12 genes, with slight induction of NtPR-1 compared with mock-inoculated plants with and without Ti-NP and Ag-NP pretreatment, in contrast to the downregulation of NtPR-2 in comparison with mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NtPR-2 was downregulated in tobacco compared with mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Gene
- NtPR-2e2
- Outcome
- NtPR-2e2
- Direction
- downregulatione2
- Comparator
- mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared with PVYNTN-inoculated and mock-inoculated tobacco plants without pretreatment”
e2“in contrast to the downregulation of NtPR-2 in comparison with mock-inoculated and virus-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Ti-NPs and Ag-NPs pretreatments are a promising preventive approach in the PVYNTN-tobacco pathosystem without phytotoxicity risk.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Outcome
- promising preventive approache0
- Qualifier
- without phytotoxicity riske0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“offer a promising preventive approach in the PVYNTN-tobacco pathosystem without phytotoxicity risk”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.