Abstract
Abstract Background Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a highly infectious plant virus that affects a wide variety of plants and reduces crop yields around the world. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of using Ammi visnaga aqueous seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and their potential to combat TMV. Different techniques were used to characterize Ag-NPs, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results TEM demonstrated that the synthesized Ag-NPs had a spherical form with an average size of 23–30 nm and a zeta potential value of -15.9 mV, while FTIR revealed various functional groups involved in Ag-NP stability and capping. Interestingly, the Pre-treatment of tobacco plants (protective treatment) with Ag-NPs at 100–500 µg/mL significantly suppressed viral symptoms, while the Post-treatment (curative treatment) delayed their appearance. Furthermore, protective and curative treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzymes activity (PPO, POX and CAT). Simultaneously, the application of Ag-NPs resulted in a decrease in levels of oxidative stress markers (H 2 O 2 and MDA). The RT-qPCR results and volcano plot analysis showed that the Ag-NPs treatments trigger and regulate the transcription of ten defense-related genes ( SbWRKY-1 , SbWRKY-2 , JERF-3 , GST-1 , POD , PR-1 , PR-2 , PR-12 , PAL-1 , and HQT-1 ). The heatmap revealed that GST-1 , the primary gene involved in anthocyanidin production, was consistently the most expressed gene across all treatments throughout the study. Analysis of the gene co-expression network revealed that SbWRKY-1 9 was the most central gene among the studied genes, followed by PR-12 and PR-2 . Conclusions Overall, the reported antiviral properties (protective and/or curative) of biosynthesized Ag-NPs against TMV lead us to recommend using Ag-NPs as a simple, stable, and eco-friendly agent in developing pest management programs against plant viral infections.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Protective nanoparticle treatment suppressed viral symptoms.
- Taxon
- tobacco plants
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- Pre-treatment of tobacco plants (protective treatment) with Ag-NPs at 100–500 µg/mLe0
- Outcome
- viral symptomse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Pre-treatment of tobacco plants (protective treatment) with Ag-NPs at 100–500 µg/mL significantly suppressed viral symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Curative post-treatment delayed symptoms.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Post-treatment (curative treatment)e0
- Outcome
- appearancee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Post-treatment (curative treatment) delayed their appearance.”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Protective and curative treatments increased chlorophyll, flavonoids and carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- protective and curative treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protective and curative treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydrates”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased PPO, POX and CAT enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- protective and curative treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activity (PPO, POX and CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protective and curative treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzymes activity (PPO, POX and CAT).”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Ag-NPs lowered H 2 O 2 and MDA.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- application of Ag-NPse0
- Outcome
- levels of oxidative stress markers (H 2 O 2 and MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of Ag-NPs resulted in a decrease in levels of oxidative stress markers (H 2 O 2 and MDA).”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Ag-NPs regulated transcription of ten defense genes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Ag-NPs treatmentse0
- Gene
- SbWRKY-1e0
- Outcome
- transcription of ten defense-related genese0
- Direction
- regulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Ag-NPs treatments trigger and regulate the transcription of ten defense-related genes ( SbWRKY-1 , SbWRKY-2 , JERF-3 , GST-1 , POD , PR-1 , PR-2 , PR-12 , PAL-1 , and HQT-1 )”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
GST-1 was the most expressed gene across treatments.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Gene
- GST-1e0
- Outcome
- most expressed genee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GST-1 , the primary gene involved in anthocyanidin production, was consistently the most expressed gene across all treatments throughout the study.”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
SbWRKY-1 9 was the most central co-expression gene, followed by PR-12 and PR-2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Gene
- SbWRKY-1 9e0
- Outcome
- most central genee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SbWRKY-1 9 was the most central gene among the studied genes, followed by PR-12 and PR-2”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend Ag-NPs for viral pest management.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- using Ag-NPs as a simple, stable, and eco-friendly agent in developing pest management programs against plant viral infectionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommend using Ag-NPs as a simple, stable, and eco-friendly agent in developing pest management programs against plant viral infections.”
t0“tobacco mosaic virus infection”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.