Abstract
Because CO_2 is needed for plant photosynthesis, the increase in atmospheric [CO_2] has the potential to enhance the growth and development of plant. However, the resultant effects on growth, yield and quality of field-grown rice remain unclear, especially under differing nitrogen (N) availability and/or using cultivars with large panicles. To investigate these, a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03. A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>) at three levels of N supply (15, 25, 35gNm^<-2>). FACE accelerates phenology significantly, with 3-5 days earlier in heading and 6-9 days earlier in maturity across 3 years. FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%, which was mainly due to substantially increased panicle number per square meter (+19%) as result of significant increases in tillering occurrence speed. However the spikelet number per panicle was greatly reduced (-8%), which was due mainly to the significant increase in degenerated spikelets per panicle (+52%) while differentiated spikelets per panicle showed no change. Overall DM accumulation at harvest was stimulated somewhat more (+16%) by FACE, compared to grain yield, by an average of 13% by FACE, thus resulting in 3% reduction in harvest index. FACE caused significant reduction in shoot N concentration (-7%) and significant increase in P concentration (+14%) at grain maturity, resulting in significant increase in N use efficiency and significant reduction in P use efficiency. Both shoot N uptake (+9%) and P uptake (+33%) showed significant increase at harvest, which was mainly due to significant enhanced N and P uptake during early growth stage. On a per plant basis, FACE significantly increased cumulative root volume, root dry weight, adventitious root length and adventitious root number at heading, which was mainly associated with significant increases in root growth rate during early growth period, while total surface area, active adsorption area and root oxidation activity per unit root dry weight showed significant reduction. As for grain quality, FACE cause deterioration of processing suitability and appearance quality drastically, the nutritive value of grain was also negatively influenced by FACE due to a reduction in grain protein and Cu concentration. By contrast, FACE resulted in better eating/cooking quality. For most cases, no [CO_2]×N interaction was detected for the growth, yield and quality parameters. Data from this study has important implications for fertilizer (e.g. N, P) management and variety selection in rice production systems under future elevated [CO_2] conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under FACE, heading in rice occurred 3-5 days earlier than under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- headinge0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 3-5 dayse0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE accelerates phenology significantly, with 3-5 days earlier in heading”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FACE, maturity in rice occurred 6-9 days earlier than under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 6-9 dayse0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE accelerates phenology significantly, with 3-5 days earlier in heading and 6-9 days earlier in maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased rice grain yield by 12.8% relative to ambient CO2; no CO2xN interaction was detected for most parameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.8%e0
- Qualifier
- no [CO_2]×N interaction was detectede3
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
e3“For most cases, no [CO_2]×N interaction was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased panicle number per square meter by 19% in rice, attributed to faster tillering occurrence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- panicle number per square metere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +19%e0
- Qualifier
- as result of significant increases in tillering occurrence speede0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%, which was mainly due to substantially increased panicle number per square meter (+19%) as result of significant increases in tillering occurrence speed”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE reduced spikelet number per panicle in rice by 8%; differentiated spikelets per panicle showed no change.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- spikelet number per paniclee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- -8%e0
- Qualifier
- differentiated spikelets per panicle showed no changee0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“However the spikelet number per panicle was greatly reduced (-8%), which was due mainly to the significant increase in degenerated spikelets per panicle (+52%) while differentiated spikelets per panicle showed no change”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE significantly increased degenerated spikelets per panicle in rice by 52%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- degenerated spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +52%e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“the significant increase in degenerated spikelets per panicle (+52%)”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE stimulated dry matter accumulation at harvest in rice by 16%, more than grain yield (average 13%).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- DM accumulation at harveste0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- +16%e0
- Qualifier
- compared to grain yield, by an average of 13%e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“Overall DM accumulation at harvest was stimulated somewhat more (+16%) by FACE, compared to grain yield, by an average of 13% by FACE”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE reduced harvest index in rice by 3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“thus resulting in 3% reduction in harvest index”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE reduced shoot N concentration in rice by 7% at grain maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- shoot N concentratione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- -7%e0
- Qualifier
- at grain maturitye0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE caused significant reduction in shoot N concentration (-7%) and significant increase in P concentration (+14%) at grain maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased P concentration in rice by 14% at grain maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- P concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +14%e0
- Qualifier
- at grain maturitye0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE caused significant reduction in shoot N concentration (-7%) and significant increase in P concentration (+14%) at grain maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased N use efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“resulting in significant increase in N use efficiency”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE reduced P use efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- P use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“significant reduction in P use efficiency”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased shoot N uptake in rice by 9% at harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- shoot N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +9%e0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“Both shoot N uptake (+9%) and P uptake (+33%) showed significant increase at harvest”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE increased P uptake in rice by 33% at harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +33%e0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“Both shoot N uptake (+9%) and P uptake (+33%) showed significant increase at harvest”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FACE, per-plant cumulative root volume, root dry weight, adventitious root length and adventitious root number of rice increased at heading.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Organ / stage
- headinge0
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- cumulative root volume, root dry weight, adventitious root length and adventitious root numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- which was mainly associated with significant increases in root growth rate during early growth periode0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“On a per plant basis, FACE significantly increased cumulative root volume, root dry weight, adventitious root length and adventitious root number at heading, which was mainly associated with significant increases in root growth rate during early growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE significantly reduced total surface area, active adsorption area and root oxidation activity per unit root dry weight in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- FACEe4
- Outcome
- total surface area, active adsorption area and root oxidation activity per unit root dry weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“while total surface area, active adsorption area and root oxidation activity per unit root dry weight showed significant reduction”
e4“FACE significantly increased the grain yield by 12.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE drastically deteriorated processing suitability and appearance quality of rice grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- processing suitability and appearance qualitye0
- Direction
- deterioratione0
- Qualifier
- drasticallye0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE cause deterioration of processing suitability and appearance quality drastically”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE negatively influenced the nutritive value of rice grain, due to reduced grain protein and Cu concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Compound
- Cue0
- Outcome
- nutritive value of graine0
- Direction
- negatively influencede0
- Qualifier
- due to a reduction in grain protein and Cu concentratione0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“the nutritive value of grain was also negatively influenced by FACE due to a reduction in grain protein and Cu concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
FACE resulted in better eating/cooking quality of rice grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonica cultivar with large paniclee1
- Treatment
- FACEe0
- Outcome
- eating/cooking qualitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- Wuxi, Jiangsu, Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e1“A japonica cultivar with large panicle was exposed to two [CO_2] (ambient, ambient+200μmol mol^<-1>)”
e2“a Free-Air CO_2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was performed at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001-03”
e0“FACE resulted in better eating/cooking quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that the data have implications for fertilizer (N, P) management and variety selection in rice under future elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fertilizer (e.g. N, P) management and variety selectione0
- Qualifier
- under future elevated [CO_2] conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice crops with large panicle”
e0“Data from this study has important implications for fertilizer (e.g. N, P) management and variety selection in rice production systems under future elevated [CO_2] conditions”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.