Abstract
The current investigation involved preliminary laboratory research regarding the accumulation capacity of three types of hyperaccumulator plants when specific soil factors are altered during their cultivation. Three different plants participated in this experiment, namely, milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth), industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), which were cultivated in two soils with different pH values, yet containing similar levels of metal pollutants. ABC fire extinguisher powder (FP), which had been tested in the past and found to cause a significant change in nutrient availability, was added to the soils. The FP was added at 1% v/v and, in order to facilitate its fast incorporation into the soil, the soil moisture was maintained at 60–65%. The experiment was conducted in pots where the plants were grown in contaminated soils, with and without the FP addition. The pseudo-total (after extraction with Aqua Regia), available (after extraction with DTPA), and water-soluble concentrations (after extraction with CaCl2 solution) of Cd, Cr, and Cu were determined in the soils. The plants completed their growth cycle (in 112, 128, and 139 days, respectively), were harvested, and the metal concentrations were assessed after extraction with Aqua Regia, both in the underground and above-ground parts. FP addition caused a significant decrease in the availability of each of the three metals, yet mainly Cr, as it caused a maximum reduction of 19.6% and 16.0% in the rate of water-soluble and available (after extraction with DTPA) Cr, respectively, in relation to the total Cr concentration in acidic soil, revealing the decisive role played by soil reaction in metal availability. FP addition caused a significant Cd reduction in accumulation in the above-ground parts of cultivated plants in the order of hemp > thistle > tobacco. FP use appears to significantly alter the plant-to-soil metal transfer, affecting the plants’ ability to accumulate Cd, Cr, and Cu. Apparently, this material, disposed of in the environment, could be a useful and low-cost soil conditioner, in line with the principles of the circular economy.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fire extinguisher powder reduced soil water-soluble chromium by up to 19.6% in acidic soil.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Treatment
- FP additione0
- Outcome
- water-soluble and available (after extraction with DTPA) Cre0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 19.6%e0
- Setting
- acidic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“FP addition caused a significant decrease in the availability of each of the three metals, yet mainly Cr, as it caused a maximum reduction of 19.6% and 16.0% in the rate of water-soluble and available (after extraction with DTPA) Cr, respectively, in relation to the total Cr concentration in acidic soil”
t0“Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fire extinguisher powder reduced available chromium by up to 16.0% in acidic soil.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Treatment
- FP additione0
- Outcome
- available (after extraction with DTPA) Cre0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 16.0%e0
- Setting
- acidic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“FP addition caused a significant decrease in the availability of each of the three metals, yet mainly Cr, as it caused a maximum reduction of 19.6% and 16.0% in the rate of water-soluble and available (after extraction with DTPA) Cr, respectively, in relation to the total Cr concentration in acidic soil”
t0“Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fire extinguisher powder reduced cadmium accumulation in above-ground hemp, with the largest reduction among the tested plants.
- Taxon
- hemp
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativae0 - Organ / stage
- above-ground partse0
- Treatment
- FP additione0
- Outcome
- Cd reduction in accumulatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FP addition caused a significant Cd reduction in accumulation in the above-ground parts of cultivated plants in the order of hemp > thistle > tobacco.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fire extinguisher powder reduced cadmium accumulation in above-ground thistle.
- Taxon
- thistlee0
- Organ / stage
- above-ground partse0
- Treatment
- FP additione0
- Outcome
- Cd reduction in accumulatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“FP addition caused a significant Cd reduction in accumulation in the above-ground parts of cultivated plants in the order of hemp > thistle > tobacco.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fire extinguisher powder reduced cadmium accumulation in above-ground tobacco, with the smallest reduction among the tested plants.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Organ / stage
- above-ground partse0
- Treatment
- FP additione0
- Outcome
- Cd reduction in accumulatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FP addition caused a significant Cd reduction in accumulation in the above-ground parts of cultivated plants in the order of hemp > thistle > tobacco.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose fire extinguisher powder as a low-cost soil conditioner.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- useful and low-cost soil conditionere0
Verbatim
e0“Apparently, this material, disposed of in the environment, could be a useful and low-cost soil conditioner”
t0“Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants”
The same questions in other papers
fire · molecular: metabolites · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
fire · molecular: metabolites · Viridiplantae (plants)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
botanical · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
botanical · molecular: metabolites · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
botanical · molecular: metabolites · Viridiplantae (plants)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.