Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cystatins are cysteine protease inhibitor in plant and animal that not only regulates the intracellular transport of endogenous proteins in plants but also plays an important role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the cystatin gene family in alfalfa remains poorly characterized. RESULT: In this study, 55 cystatin genes distributed across 18 chromosomes in alfalfa were identified. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the 55 MsCYS genes were primarily associated with cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. These genes were classified into six distinct subgroups, with each containing one or two typical cystatin domains. Analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements suggested the potential involvement of MsCYS genes in stress responses. Transcriptome analysis revealed that nearly half of the MsCYS genes were not expressed across the examined tissues and stress conditions and those that are expressed showed higher expression levels in stems and leaves than in roots. Expression levels of MsCYS genes were higher in stems and leaves than in roots. Under stress caused by thrips, MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 were significantly up-regulated. Real-time RT-PCR results corroborated the transcriptome data. The expression of MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 increased markedly, reaching 5.5-fold and 8.3-fold that of the control levels. After 14 days of thrips infestation. The cysteine content in alfalfa leaves increased significantly, which was associated with the up-regulation of MsCYS genes. Additionally, exogenous application of jasmonic acid enhanced the expression of certain MsCYS genes, thereby conferring resistance to thrips in alfalfa. Exogenous salicylic acid also up-regulated the expression of certain MsCYS genes and modulated insect defense. CONCLUSION: Our study identified 55 members of the cystatin gene family in alfalfa and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, structural characteristics, and putative functions in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. This work establishes a robust foundation for further functional characterization of each cystatin gene member, which provides novel insights for improving the stress tolerance of alfalfa.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-five cystatin genes were identified on 18 chromosomes.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Outcome
- cystatin genese0
- Value
- 55e0
- Qualifier
- 18 chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“55 cystatin genes distributed across 18 chromosomes in alfalfa were identified”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
MsCYS genes were associated with cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“55 MsCYS genes were primarily associated with cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
The genes formed six subgroups with one or two cystatin domains each.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- six distinct subgroupse0
- Value
- sixe0
- Qualifier
- one or two typical cystatin domainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“classified into six distinct subgroups, with each containing one or two typical cystatin domains”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cis-regulatory elements suggested a role for MsCYS genes in stress responses.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- stress responsese0
- Qualifier
- cis-acting regulatory elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cis-acting regulatory elements suggested the potential involvement of MsCYS genes in stress responses”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Nearly half the genes were unexpressed across examined tissues and stress conditions.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- not expressede0
- Value
- nearly halfe0
- Qualifier
- examined tissues and stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nearly half of the MsCYS genes were not expressed across the examined tissues and stress conditions”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Expressed MsCYS genes had higher expression in stems and leaves than roots.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- stems and leavese0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- Expression levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression levels of MsCYS genes were higher in stems and leaves than in roots”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips stress significantly upregulated MsCYS49.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- stress caused by thripse0
- Gene
- MsCYS49e0
- Outcome
- MsCYS49e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
ThripsNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under stress caused by thrips, MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 were significantly up-regulated”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips stress significantly upregulated MsCYS54.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- stress caused by thripse0
- Gene
- MsCYS54e0
- Outcome
- MsCYS54e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under stress caused by thrips, MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 were significantly up-regulated”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
RT-PCR corroborated the transcriptome results.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- results corroborated the transcriptome datae0
- Comparator
- transcriptome datae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Real-time RT-PCR results corroborated the transcriptome data”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
MsCYS49 expression rose to 5.5-fold control after thrips infestation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS49e0
- Outcome
- expression of MsCYS49e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.5-folde0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 increased markedly, reaching 5.5-fold and 8.3-fold that of the control levels”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
MsCYS54 expression rose to 8.3-fold control after thrips infestation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS54e0
- Outcome
- expression of MsCYS49 and MsCYS54e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.3-folde0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of MsCYS49 and MsCYS54 increased markedly, reaching 5.5-fold and 8.3-fold that of the control levels”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf cysteine content increased after 14 days of thrips infestation and was associated with MsCYS upregulation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- cysteine content in alfalfa leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 14 days of thrips infestation. The cysteine content in alfalfa leaves increased significantly, which was associated with the up-regulation of MsCYS genes”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid application enhanced expression of certain MsCYS genes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of jasmonic acide0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- expression of certain MsCYS genese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of jasmonic acid enhanced the expression of certain MsCYS genes”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid application conferred thrips resistance.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of jasmonic acide0
- Outcome
- resistance to thripse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of jasmonic acid enhanced the expression of certain MsCYS genes, thereby conferring resistance to thrips in alfalfa”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid application upregulated certain MsCYS genes.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous salicylic acide0
- Gene
- MsCYS genese0
- Outcome
- expression of certain MsCYS genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous salicylic acid also up-regulated the expression of certain MsCYS genes”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid application modulated insect defense.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- insect defensee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous salicylic acid also up-regulated the expression of certain MsCYS genes and modulated insect defense”
t0“alfalfa”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.